Prostitution in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essays

During the late 19th- and early 20th century, the nature of society forced the working class women of America to take advantage of any means to support themselves, including prostitution. Each woman had to decide herself which work option best supported her financially. During this time, women had limited options as far as work was concerned. As time went on, more and more women were forced to work, because they had no husband and no other means of building up a dowry for a husband. By 1910 the wage labor force was made up of about 20% of women as young as fourteen. The wages these women earned were unbelievably low, and at times as much as 80% lower than the wages men earned. Possible job opportunities for the women included†¦show more content†¦Through prostitution, the women also had more independence. They had the right to control when they worked, and who their clients were. Their health was better protected as well. They weren’t running the constant hea lth hazards that factory working provided. They could also afford clothing, their own rooms, and other luxuries. However, there were also several critical down-falls of prostitution. The higher-class society was hard on prostitutes, claiming they only worked for silly, frivolous reasons. Society began to insist more and more that respectable women have no sexual passion. Most women submitted to this belief in order to be sacrificial and withhold their virtuous reputation. Society assumed that any woman who took part in prostitution enjoyed sex. Working women were also presumed sexual simply because they were involved with the public sphere. Therefore, prostitutes were considered the downfall of women. However, there were others in society who claimed that prostitution was a â€Å"necessary evil† which must be regulated. These members thought that in order for the men to distinguish between a â€Å"good† woman, and a wretch of a woman, prostitution was necessa ry. Men were expected to marry respectable women. Perhaps, these members of society also thought it necessary for the entertainment of men when they were away from home on business trips. In other words, the men may haveShow MoreRelatedA Society By Fyodor Dostoyevsky1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe 19th Century Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky once wrote that a society can be judged by the conditions within its prisons. In that same vein, you can determine the strength of a society by how it treats those living on the outskirts of society, the most vulnerable and stigmatized citizens. Prostitutes are nearly at the bottom of the American social hierarchy, just above pedophiles, rapists, and violent criminals. Prostitutes are vilified in a way suggesting that they’re somehow victimizingRead More Role of Women During and After the Age of Revolutions Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesvery important document then and today, as one of the first women’s civil rights and priv ileges act that influenced for further reform in the 19th century. The declaration opened many doors to women’s rights that account for many future changes as the time line moved from the French Revolution to the Industrial Revolution. In the early 19th century Flora Tristan a feminist wrote the â€Å"The London Laboring Classes† in the London Journal, describing the conditions of factory workers afterRead MoreThe American Criminal Justice System873 Words   |  4 Pagestopic. â€Æ' History of Prostitution Prostitution has been a controversy issue since the beginning of the 13 colonies and it still happens to be an issue until today. According to Jackson, prostitution was brought over with the early European settlers, and there was no Native American counterpart to the purchase of sexual favors. In the beginning years prostitution was not illegal it wasn’t until years later that the United States wanted to regulate the issue. Recently prostitution is illegal in allRead MoreSex, Prostitution, And The Production Of Sex Toys Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSex work, consisting of prostitution and the production of sex toys, has been implemented in the United States since the 18th century. Through red-light districts, street prostitution, escort or out-call prostitution, brothel prostitution, and child prostitution, prostitution still thrives in the United States despite legality. Sex toys has become increasingly more available on shelves but still primarily stay in the e-commerc e realm. Sex work has struggled to stay in the United States becauseRead MoreThe Brothels And House Of Ill Fame1440 Words   |  6 Pages1880 to 1920 depended on industry in Eau Claire, particularly the lumber industry. The success of the prostitution can be known by studying the number of brothels throughout these decades. Author examines the relationship between the lumber industry, and the working class in Eau Claire to make this argument. This article talks about how increase in lumber industry lead to increase in prostitution activity. After civil war the industry expanded dramatically and Eau Claire was a wealthy lumber townRead MoreFemale Criminality And The Criminal System1368 Words   |  6 Pages(Gibson, 1982). Most research and documentation on female criminality was linked to prostitution evading many other aspects of women criminality such as hysterics, infanticide and shoplifters, which were generally the stars of the tabloid press but not of criminological studies (Bronfman, 2007; Rodrà ­guez, 2006). Throughout this essay I will present various facets of female criminality and delinquency, including prostitution, and the many issues faced by women in the criminal system, as well as the forensicRead MoreProstitution And Women s Rights Essay1084 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution and Women Rights in Chicago. This research paper discusses social issues related to prostitution in Chicago, a city along route 66 and is divided into four sections. In the first section, definition of prostitution is discussed. Also different forms of prostitution are listed. It should be clearly stated there s no one accepted definition of prostitution. The term prostitution is controversial. Sociologists are still debating on how prostitution should be defined. Moreover, prostitutionRead MoreRealism in Arms and the Man1527 Words   |  7 PagesRealism was a general movement in 19th-century theatre that developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances. It shared many stylistic choices with naturalism, including a focus on everyday (middle-class) drama, colloquial speech, and mundane settings. Realism and naturalism diverge chiefly on the degree of choice that characters have: while naturalism believes in the overall stren gth of external forces overRead MoreWomen s Rights Of The New Zealand822 Words   |  4 Pagesand also known as a notorious character in Melbourne, Australia. (Hutchison, 1990). She moved to Dunedin, New Zealand by early 1863 when gold was discovered in the West Coast and work as a prostitute for her living. By the time in 19th centuries, prostitution was not in itself a criminal offense. However, She finally received a one-way ticket to Hokitika from Dunedin Resident Magistrate s Court on charges of drunkenness and disorderly conduct. She was die in 1882, her body was found lying amongRead MoreComparing the Approaches of the Progressive and Populist Movements893 Words   |  4 PagesPopulism vs. Progressivism Essay During the late 19th century and early 20th century the progressive movement and populist movement were groups and organizations getting together to resolve social, economic, and political problems occurring in the United States. Both movements had different approaches to what was more important and how to deal with problems. Progressivism was mainly for the betterment of cities while populism is for agrarian section of farmers. First of all there were social failures

Hawaii Forever free essay sample

My partner looked me in the eyes and asked, â€Å"Are you ready?† â€Å"Yes,† I replied, and with a push to the chest he sent me overboard. It was warm on the surface but as I went deeper, it got bluer and colder, the world around me changing into an enchanted realm. At 80 feet the bubbles cleared and in front of me on the pale sand was a wing, then a cabin, and another wing. Soon I was looking straight into the cockpit of what used to be a World War II plane. Now it was just a heap of metal in the middle of a sand desert, separated from any world it had known. On a trip to San Diego junior year I told a local that I had found a sunken World War II plane off the coast of Oahu, my home. I told her how I had taken the boat out for a routine dive and drifted off the normal diving area when I stumbled across the wreck. We will write a custom essay sample on Hawaii Forever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She did not believe me even when I showed her pictures, which led me to realize that many on the Mainland have no idea what the islands are all about. We experience the beautiful scenery of the mountains and explore the smaller islands but have the same values and society structure as the Mainland. Most on the Mainland get their images of Hawaii from television and see the islands as a primitive sanctuary or as it used to be: an independent territory with no ties to the U.S. (or any nation, for that matter). The fact is, Hawaii has become a well-developed set of islands that is part of the United States of America. By talking to some from the Mainland you can easily find a false image of the islands because of the stories you tell, like hiking to the top of a waterfall and jumping 80 feet to a small pond, or paddling an outrigger canoe across the Moloka’i Channel, one of the five most dangerous channels in the world. By relating this side of your life, the other part of being a normal American is ignored. Island life is similar to Mainland life in that we are governed by the same laws and deal with the same troubles as the Mainland. However, we also experience things like surf sessions before and after school, amazing hikes, and swimming with sharks. These are just a few things that you cannot experience on the Mainland that you can in Hawaii, however, there is more here than just great pastimes. There is a connection that can be made by anyone who has been to the islands to the people and the land. I cannot envision living anywhere else after college I am attached to this lifestyle and will spend the rest of my life in Hawaii. This is where I will raise my family and grow old.

Legal and Ethical Parameters of Professional Nursing Practice Essay One free essay sample

Legal and ethical parameters of professional nursing practice essay one Professional nurses encounter a variety of legal ethical and bioethical issues on a daily basis. For this reason, it is essential that all nurses are aware of current state and national legislation, acts and guidelines and the implications of these for nursing practices as well as legal processes, principles of open disclosure and the role of a coroner in the health sector. In this way, nurses can adhere to the overarching guidelines for practice as well as working within the code of conduct, competency standards and scope of practice. This paper will provide an overview of legal and ethical parameters of professional nursing practice. Nurses must work within the guidelines of both the profession specific and national legislative guidelines. At an industry level, nurses must adhere to the principles of the Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics. The Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics are two companion documents developed by the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council (ANMAC), the professional body that sets the national standards and processes for the regulation of nursing. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal and Ethical Parameters of Professional Nursing Practice Essay One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose of these documents is to identify the professional standards that all nurses are expected to uphold to ensure a positive view of the nursing profession. These documents are also essential in recognizing the expected behaviour of professional nurses to respect, promote and uphold the basic rights of all people, including both the patients and nursing and health care providers. Further the codes allow for reflection of the behaviour and conduct of nurses against expected standards of behaviour and practice and assist with making ethical and fair decisions. As well as industry generated guidelines, state and federal legislation also guides nursing practice. A key guideline/legislation is the Nurse Practice Act (NPA). The Nurse Practice Act (NPA) defines nursing practice and, when used in conjunction with the employers policies and procedures, helps guide responsible decision making and professional expectations. Further, it is used to protect nurses by identifying inappropriate or unsafe actions that may put the individual nurse, the patient and/or the significant others supporting the patient at risk. Each individual act provides the legal parameters for the practice of professional nursing in that jurisdiction, and has been developed to safeguard the public from care by unqualified practitioners. It is essential that all Nurses are familiar with the Nurse Practice Act in their state of employment and that ethical decisions have legal ramifications. Breaches of the act may result in disciplinary action by supervising nursing staff, reporting to the nursing board and possible deregistration. At a practice level, the importance and guidance of the Code of Conduct, Code of Ethics and NPA are demonstrated on a daily basis with regard to the issues of documentation, informed consent and open disclosure, and confidentiality. With respect to documentation, nurses must be able to document patient assessments and responses in an accurate, comprehensive and confidential manner and record all observations objectively. Informed consent and open disclosure are also major legal issues nurses face daily. It refers to the communication between the patient and health professional that results in the patients agreement to undergo a specific procedure and requires that the patient has thoroughly understood the procedure, implications and risks prior to giving written consent. Associated with this is the concept of patient autonomy, which is to allow the patient more independence and freedom of choice. Autonomy provides the patient with a chance to voice their own opinion and the power to consent to or to refuse medical treatment and it is a legal right of the patient. Key to adhering to these guidelines outlined above and others set by industry specialist and legislation, is the requirement of all nurses to work within their scope of practice. Enrolled nurses, (ENs) are accountable for all their actions and must practice in accordance with legislation, to their level of knowledge and experience. They work in partnership with health consumers, families and health prociders. ENs must work under the direction and delegation of a registered nurse(RNs) or nurse practitioner to deliver nursing care, ENs may contribute to assessments and care plans however the RN maintains overall responsibility for the plan of care. ENs assist with the activities of daily living, observe changes in conditions and report all findings to the registered nurse. EN’s may administer medications and carryout other nursing care responsibilities appropriate to their assessed competence. Should an EN have difficulty identifying their role of practice, it is essential for ethical and legal requirements that they confidently discuss any concerns with their supervising RN or management team. The adherence to ethical and legislative principles and guidelines is monitored and regulated by professional bodies such as the ANMAC, state registration boards and other legal experts. A professional that may contribute to investigations of practice is the Coroner whose role it is to enquire into the circumstances of sudden, unexplained, violent and unnatural deaths. Coroners identify the who, when, where and how. A Coroner is not permitted to consider civil or criminal liability; he or she must simply establish the facts. If a death is due to unnatural causes, then an inquest must be held by law. The death can then be registered and a death certificate can be obtained.

Biography of Ronald E. McNair (Ph.D.) - NASA Astronaut

Biography of Ronald E. McNair (Ph.D.) - NASA Astronaut Each year, NASA and members of the space community remember the astronauts lost when the space shuttle  Challenger  exploded after launch  from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida on January 28, 1986.   Dr. Ronald E. McNair was a member of that crew. He was a decorated NASA astronaut, scientist, and talented musician. He perished along with the spacecraft commander, F.R. Dick Scobee, the pilot, Commander M.J. Smith (USN), mission specialists, Lieutenant Colonel E.S. Onizuka (USAF), and  Dr. Judith.A. Resnik, and two civilian payload specialists, Mr. G.B. Jarvis and Mrs. S. Christa McAuliffe, the teacher-in-space astronaut. The Life and Times of Dr. McNair Ronald E. McNair was born October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina. He loved sports, and as an adult, he became a 5th-degree black belt karate instructor. His musical tastes tended toward jazz, and he was an accomplished saxophonist. He also enjoyed running, boxing, football, playing cards, and cooking. As a child, McNair was known to be a voracious reader. This led to an often-told story that he went to the local library (which served only white citizens at the time) to check out books. The tale, as recalled by his brother Carl, ended with a young Ronald McNair being told he couldnt check any books out and the librarian called his mother to come get him. Ron told them hed wait. The police arrived, and the officer simply asked the librarian, Why dont you just give him the books?   She did.   Years later, the same library was named in Ronald McNairs memory in Lake City.   McNair graduated from Carver High School in 1967; received his BS in Physics from North Carolina AT State University in 1971 and earned a Ph.D. in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976. He received an honorary doctorate of Laws from North Caroline AT State University in 1978, an honorary doctorate of Science from Morris College in 1980, and an honorary doctorate of science from the University of South Carolina in 1984. McNair: the Astronaut-Scientist While at MIT, Dr. McNair made some major contributions in physics. For example, he performed some of earliest development of chemical hydrogen-fluoride and high-pressure carbon monoxide lasers. His later experiments and theoretical analysis on the interaction of intense CO2 (carbon dioxide) laser radiation with molecular gases provided new understandings and applications for highly excited polyatomic molecules. In 1975, McNair spent time researching laser physics at   E’cole D’ete Theorique de Physique, Les Houches, France. He published several papers in areas of lasers and molecular spectroscopy and gave many presentations in U.S. and abroad. Following his graduation from MIT, Dr. McNair became a staff physicist with Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California. His assignments included the development of lasers for isotope separation and photochemistry utilizing non-linear interactions in low-temperature liquids and optical pumping techniques. He also conducted research on electro-optic laser modulation for satellite-to-satellite space communications, the construction of ultra-fast infrared detectors, ultraviolet atmospheric remote sensing. Ronald McNair: Astronaut McNair was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in January 1978. He completed the one-year training and evaluation period and qualified for assignment as a mission specialist astronaut on space shuttle flight crews. His first experience as a mission specialist was on STS 41-B, aboard Challenger. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center on February 3, 1984. He was part of a crew that included spacecraft commander, Mr. Vance Brand, the pilot, Cdr. Robert L. Gibson, and fellow mission specialists, Capt. Bruce McCandless II, and Lt. Col. Robert L. Stewart. The flight accomplished proper shuttle deployment of two Hughes 376 communications satellites, and the flight testing of rendezvous sensors and computer programs. It also marked the first flight of the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) and the first use of the Canadian arm (operated by McNair) to position EVA crewman around Challenger’s payload bay. Other projects for the flight were the deployment of the German SPAS-01 Satellite, a set of acoustic levitation and chemical separation experiments, Cinema 360 motion picture filming, five Getaway Specials (small experimental packages), and numerous mid-deck experiments. Dr. McNair had primary resp onsibility for all of the payload projects. His flight on that  Challenger mission  culminated in first landing on the runway at Kennedy Space Center on February 11, 1984. His last flight was also aboard Challenger, and he never made it to space.  In  addition to his duties as a mission specialist for the ill-fated mission, McNair had worked up a musical piece with French composer Jean-Michel Jarre. McNair intended to perform a saxophone solo with Jarre while on orbit. The recording would have appeared on the album Rendez-Vous with McNairs performance. Instead, it was recorded in his memory by saxophonist Pierre Gossez,  and is dedicated to McNairs memory. Honors and Recognition Dr. McNair was honored throughout his career, beginning in college. He graduated magna cum laude from North Carolina AT (‘71) and was named Presidential Scholar (‘67-’71). He was a Ford Foundation Fellow (‘71-’74) and a National Fellowship Fund Fellow (‘74-’75), NATO Fellow (‘75). He won the Omega Psi Phi Scholar of Year Award (‘75), Los Angeles Public School System’s Service Commendation (‘79), Distinguished Alumni Award (‘79), National Society of Black Professional Engineers Distinguished National Scientist Award (‘79), Friend of Freedom Award (‘81), Who’s Who Among Black Americans (‘80), an AAU Karate Gold Medal (‘76), and also worked up Regional Blackbelt Karate Championships. Ronald McNair has a number of schools and other buildings named for him, plus memorials, and other facilities. The music he was supposed to play onboard Challenger does appear on Jarres eight album, and is called Rons Piece.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

An Analysis Of Global Alliances

An Analysis Of Global Alliances As a matter of survival, airlines within the current environment are constantly reviewing and altering their strategies. An important component of any airlines’ strategy to remain viable and maintain competitive advantage in today’s setting is to pool resources and share risk, known as an alliance. A broad definition of an alliance that occurs in the aviation industry is the â€Å"collaboration between two or more firms that retain their autonomy during the course of their relationship† (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004). To that end, there are certain variations of airline alliance in vogue today, in particular the Global Airline Alliance. Starting with a synopsis and identification of these alliance groups, the discussion will move to a selection and analysis of benefits and shortcomings that can be associated with global alliances from a business and consumer perspective. From here, an appreciation will be gained of the major airline alliances and typical rational e of alliance strategies. Currently, the most popular forms of coalition in the airline business are the non-equity marketing alliances known as Airline Alliance Groups (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004) or Global Multicarrier Alliances (Cools & Roos, 2005). At the present time, the main global multicarrier alliance networks are Star Alliance, One World, and Skyteam (UBM, 2010). These alliances are predominantly a massive global network of multilateral codesharing and joint resource Air Service Agreements (ASA’s) between carriers. This allows a central point of contact for the passenger to â€Å"ensure a convenient, smooth and efficient worldwide travel experience† (Star Alliance, 1997). Although individual airlines are aligned under the umbrella of a single corporate entity, distinct airline brand identities and cultures are retained. These alliances have set out to revolutionise seamless air travel for the international passenger from hub to hub and beyond. Additionally, the synergies created were only possible due to astute governance of previously implausible collaboration. To that end, airline conglomerates now understand â€Å"The best way to generate real business growth and expansion is by forging the appropriate strategic partnerships† (Borovich & Yeheskel, 2001). From an airline business perspective, membership in a global alliance has one distinct, instantaneous and strategic advantage. Almost overnight, all member airlines’ geographic route structures will have expanded without costly capital investment in infrastructure and assets. This allows airlines to service routes that were previously deemed non-profitable or inaccessible, albeit on other alliance members’ aircraft. This â€Å"complementary alliance† (Oum & Park, 1997, as cited in Chen & Ross, 2000, p. 328) has the flow on effect of generating untapped markets within the domestic environment and yielding higher load factors for all alliance members aircra ft operations. Henceforth, this produces larger revenues which in turn diminishes overhead costs and maintains more efficient airlines by lowering unit cost base (Doganis 2001, p. 76). While this contributes to diversification and larger profit margins for collaborating airlines, the traveller can be confident airfare cost will remain relatively reasonable assuming competition remains viable on any given route. This is a beneficial outcome for all involved, both airline businesses and the consumer. A comparable example where alliances between two airlines operating on the same route is however, considered anti-competitive (Chen & Ross, 2000, p 328). Here the competing airlines could strike a codeshare accord, typically after a tenuously long and protracted battle attempting to gain market share. This is routinely known as a â€Å"parallel alliance† (Oum & Park 1996, p. 190), however this is unfortunately likely to result in cartel type price fixing. This form of alliance gene rally benefits the airlines as it narrows competition and has a propensity to create a higher demand for a particular service, hence higher airfares (Chen & Ross, 2000, p 328). Conversely, the pre-alliance scenario utilising â€Å"capacity dumping† (NZ Parliament, 2006), where supply exceeds demand, only profits the consumer with ridiculously low and unsustainable airfares. This invariably serves to strengthen the dominant market leader’s position by financially eliminating the competition in the long term. These types of alliance are inherent of predatory behaviour with very little consumer benefit and require antitrust immunity (Bilotkach, 2005, p. 168). An example of this type of arrangement within the global alliance networks does exist, although on the exceedingly competitive North Atlantic route between Lufthansa and United Airlines (Kleymann & Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 23).

Sexual Offenders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexual Offenders - Research Paper Example The management of sexual offenders is very challenging especially when a time comes for reunification with family members. This is especially so because most of these sexual crimes are perpetrated by known people most of who are family members (Langan, Schmitt & Durose, 2003). This is supported by Campbell (2007 p. 3) who argues that â€Å"preditors pose a serious threat to society even after they have served their sentences.† According to Fenner (2008 p. 2) the safety and protection of victims should be the first priority in the management of sex offenders combined with effective collaboration of the different stakeholders. Research has shown that recidivism rates are high for sexual offenders after they are released from prison. This is despite the various treatments available for offenders either in the community or in prisons. This research is aimed at discussing self offenders. It will look into the reasons why they engage in such conduct, why recidivism rates do not decl ine despite various interventions and also the various forms of treatment in place for such offenders. Sexual Offenders Sexual offenders in this case refer to those engaged in sexual crimes of rape, sexual assault, child molestation and statutory rape. ... 16) Child molestation involves sexual crime against children while statutory rape involves non forcible sexual acts such as incest, adultery. The definition of a child or minor varies from state to state or from one country to another but in most cases the consenting age is the age between 14 and 18 though many states considers those below the age of 16 as minors. Sexual acts with a minor whether forcible or non forcible are considered a sexual offense in the United States though with some exceptions (p. 5). First, for it to be considered a crime the offender must be above age 18. Secondly, the age difference between the offender and victim must be established and if the offender is less than 3 years older than the victim, then it is not an offense. Another exceptional case is whereby the offender is married to a minor; in this case if the sexual act was consented it is not an offense. However, these may vary across various jurisdictions. Research indicates that most offenders are li kely to repeat the offense even after incarceration (Langan et al. 2003; US Office of Justice Programs, 2012). In light of this, it is only appropriate to try and figure out why people engage in sexual offenses against family members especially children and also strangers in the first place. Many theorists have put forward various reasons as to why individuals perpetrate sexual violence against children. Some believe it is a result of multiple factors while others attribute it to cognitive distortions. However, all agree that biological, cultural, social and psychological factors combine to drive the offenders to abuse children or even adults (Fenner, 2008; Wad, Polaschek & Beech, 2006). One theory developed by Finkelhor’s in 1984 known as

Debt Crisis in Developing Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Debt Crisis in Developing Countries - Essay Example However despite the many problems associated with developing countries it is still possible to solve the debt problem and to attain high levels of development, this can be done through well laid strategies that involves all the sectors in an economy and this will be analyzed in this paper. Debts in developing countries have increased over the years, many factors have caused this increase in debts including unfavorable terms of trade, rising international interest rates, increasing protectionism in the international market, irresponsible lending by international finance organizations and the rescheduling of punitive terms where countries delay payment.2 The above mentioned factors are external factors and that there exist internal factors that have led to the increased problem of debts include economic mismanagement, unsustainable government deficits and the maintenance of unrealistic exchange rates. All the above factors have led to the increased debt problem in developed countries.3 As a result of unfavorable terms of trade countries are faced with the problem of balance of payment, developing countries mainly export agricultural goods and in turn import machinery and electric goods, the value of imports in most cases exceeds the value of exports and as a result the increasing debt problem, countries are faced with an increasing balance of payment which lead to rising debts. Rising international interest rates: Most international finance institutions will raise their interest rates which in most cases affect developing countries, for example a country may obtain funds from a financial institution but the country may face increasing interest rates on the loan which will increase the pay back value where in most cases the country may end up paying more than double it acquired from the institution, therefore this has added to the problem of debts in developing countries. Increased protectionism in the international market: Increasing protectionism in the international markets has led to an increase in the debt problem in the developing countries, most of the products produced in developing countries are exported to developed countries, when the products are faced with high levels of protectionism in the developed countries the developing countries will experience a reduction in exports leading to unfavorable balance of payment, this means that the country will experience debt problems. Irresponsible lending by finance institutions: Financial institutions will lend money to countries without taking into consideration the current state of an economy, a country may receive a lot of funds which will end up not being used for their intended purpose, finance institutions will lend the developed countries large sums of money and also they lend money even before previous payments are not yet complete leading to the increased debt problem in the developing countries. Rescheduling of payment terms: Financial institutions will change payment terms over time and this may end up increasing the debt problem in developing countries, such terms include the increase in interest rates, the delay of payments has also led to the increasing debt problem in d