The Devil and Daniel Webster Essay Example For Students

The Devil and Daniel Webster Essay The play The Devil and Daniel Webster was written by Stephen Vincent Bent in 1938. Stephen Vincent Bent was born in 1898 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. His education came from Yale University and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. The Devil and Daniel Webster has a wide array of characters, each with a distinguished personality, yet an overall temperment that would be fitting of a New England community. The main character is Jabez Stone, a wealthy New England statesman whose possition was the state senator of New Hampshire. He had started out as a farmer though, but moved up in life and, when he was about thirty years of age, married the fair woman, Mary Stone- who was in her early twenties. The fiddler, though not incredibly important, was a key character in that he provided foreshadowing. We will write a custom essay on The Devil and Daniel Webster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When he said, But the very devils got into that fiddle of mine., he was forshadowing the coming of the devil to disturb the merriments. A very key character in this play is the devil himself, which took the name of Scratch (for that was what he was called in New England communities). He had come to steal the soul of Jabez Stone, claiming that he had a right to Jabez because of a legal contract. Last- but most certainly not least in this story- is the great Governor of New Hampshire, loved by all, Daniel Webster. Daniel Webster was not only the governor, but an excelent orator. He had a way of using words to pursued the opinion of others, sometimes by conveying feelings or emotion. The play starts out in the ornate home of Jabez and Mary Stone, right after their wedding has taken place. The Fiddler, who sat upon a Cider Barrel, played a tune on the Fiddle, and all of the guests danced to it. Basically, it was a wedding reception. At first, there was nothing more than small talk going on, but by using even this smalltalk, Bent very accurately described the lifestyles of the New England residents. As the play progressed, political favor of the day was expressed as Daniel Webster arived, associating himself with Jabez Stone. One man cried out, Vote the Whig ticket! and another, Hurray for Daniel Webster! Of course, political disfavor was also shown, as Scratch (the devil) portreyed himself as a lawyer from Boston, implying that the political party from Boston was disfavored. Later on, after some forshadowing by both Jabez and Mary, it is learned that Jabez had sold his soul to the devil. He had done this because of the dessolite land he had to farm, it was entirely baren, and had an abundance of large stones there. In return, the devil brought him prosperity- for a time. Jabez had become state senator, married a wonderful woman, and had friends in high places. But it did not last forever. A small climax- more like a turning point- occurred when Scratch had driven all the guests away from fear. He then left for a short time, preparing to come back at a later time to reclaim his prize. Daniel Webster, however, felt confidant that he could defeat Scratch in a fair trial and/or debate. As it turned out, both happened. When Scratch came back, they had a trial- a trial with a biased jury of the undead. A great oratory debate soon followed between Scratch and Daniel Webster. It was a fierce debate, though it did remain civil. Webster used his cunning intellect against Scratch, but in every case, either Scratch would refute his claim, or the judge at this trial, Judge Hawthorne of the Salem Witch Trials, would over-rule Daniel Webster- no matter how logical he had been. For instance, when Daniel Webster claimed that Mr. Stone is an American citizen, and American citizen may be forced into the service of a foreign prince., the devil replied that he was no foreigner with when t he first wrong was done to the first Indian, I was there. When the first slaver put out for the Congo, I stood on her deck. Such a trial was impossible to win, until Daniel Webster used his words to bring back memories of the undead jury- of when they had been alive and human. He appealed to them, one by one, and slowly changed the sway of the biased jury of the undead. In the end, the verdict was not guilty, and old Scratch was finally flung out the door. Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed this play by Stephen Vincent Bent, and I would recommend reading it.

Collecting Crime Scene Evidence

Collecting Crime Scene Evidence Free Online Research Papers In this report I will discuss the importance of collecting evidence at a crime scene. The evidence can make or break a case. There are specific duties assigned to each member of the CSI team who investigates a crime scene. Strict protocols are followed when securing the crime scene, collection evidence and interviewing witnesses. There are 5 main steps in processing a crime scene; interview, examine, photograph, sketch, and process. The gathering of evidence falls within the guidelines of processing the crime scene. The CSI personal has to have a keen eye to assess what is normal in the scene and what is evidence. Whenever there is a question as to what may be evidence, it is best to collect it and sort it out at the lab. Many people have a stake in what the CSI gather as evidence at a crime scene. Some evidence will clear persons involved, while others could be prosecuted by the same evidence. It is very important to take this training and job seriously. The balance of justice can be swayed so easily by the collection, processing and interpretation of evidence. Then there are cases that go to trial, get convictions with no evidence at all. Not because there was evidence and it not collected but because there was no evidence to prove a crime had been committed and the case was judged purely on made up stories with no facts to back them up. Later we find there in fact was no crime committed. Collecting Crime Scene Evidence Crime Scene Investigators are becoming more and more important to large law enforcement agencies. The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened and who is responsible for the crime. This task was left to the local law enforcement officers who were and still are the ones to get to a crime scene first. As crime has grown in this country, the need for a special investigative team has become a necessity. The police departments in most large cities are not staffed nor equipped to do the amount of work required to thoroughly investigate a crime scene. One crime scene may take up to days or weeks to go through every inch of it to gather and tag evidence to be processed by the crime lab. Keeping this in mind, the smaller cities, towns and communities still rely on the local law enforcement agencies to carry out the task of securing the crime scene, gather evidence and question witnesses. Detectives assigned to the case in the smaller populated areas can help th e police department to do in-depth questioning of witnesses, following up on leads and other things that may need to be done in assisting the police with the crime. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) The first step when getting to the crime scene is making sure the scene has been taped off and clearly marked. Next the crime scene technician will talk to the first officer who arrived at the crime scene. At this time the tech will gather information as to how this incident occurred, about what time it happened and all other basic information. The tech may also question any witnesses, or victim. If the CSI team has 2-4 people there may be several things going on at one time such as examining the area of the crime, numbering or tagging pieces of evidence where it is for photographing, sketches may be started by the person assigned to that duty and then the process of gathering the evidence may begin after the first four steps are completed. It is important that all evidence that can be found at that time be processed by tagging, sketch, and photographing before it is actually collected into proper containers. (Baldwin, 1990) The second step is to examine the crime scene inside and out. It is important to determine how the crime occurred and document it accordingly. Number markers will be placed by each piece of evidence for photographing. This is true of all evidence at the scene. It is very important for the CSI to be able to tell what was normally placed in the house/building and what seems out of place. When there is a question as to what may be or not be evidence, it is collected anyway and the lab will process it to see if it is connected to the crime. (Baldwin, 1990) Next the photographer will proceed with the utmost of care to photograph the crime scene, being mindful where the evidence is and not disturbing it so it can be documented. Photographs may be taken from different angles to better understand what happened during the time the crime was being committed. The photographer will start with a wide spectrum of the crime scene, narrowing his shots as he processes the scene until he is focusing on the smallest of the evidence. (Baldwin, 1990) The fourth step is the rough sketching of the crime scene. The crime scene technician will note the layout of the area as well as making sure to identify exactly where the evidence was or the position of a deceased victim. A sketch may not be used in every crime scene but in most cases they are a major step in processing the crime scene. (Baldwin, 1990) The final step is to process/gather evidence from the crime scene. This involves the collection of evidence, properly tagging, and sealing the contents. Then they sign their name so it is known who collected that evidence. The processing involves making sure none of the evidence gets contaminated by other pieces of evidence. All personal involved will wear rubber gloves and sometime have to wear disposable booties over their shoes. Each piece is placed in a paper bag, for small evidence, and larger types of evidence may be placed in larger bags or boxes, clearly marked, depending on the size and material of the evidence. Liquids and blood evidence can be transported easily in non-breakable, leak proof containers. If there is arson evidence, it is usually collected in air-tight, clean metal cans much like gallon paint cans. Wet evidence can be transported in plastic or metal but should not remain in that container for more than two hours. Wet objects sealed in plastic or metal contai ners will start the growth of microorganisms that could either destroy the evidence or alter it. It is best to let the wet items dry out completely after getting to the lab and then be placed in dry paper-type containers. As the evidence is being collected more photographs may be taken as levels of evidence are gathered and may have not seen before. (Baldwin, 1990) Fingerprints are one of the most venerable pieces of evidence that can be lost if not properly secured for transport. Any prints on a body should be covered with clear adhesive tape so the lab technician can process them under laboratory conditions. All surface fingerprints, hand prints and other body prints left at the scene can be lifted for identification by dusting them with black powder and using clear adhesive tape-like material. For prints that are not easily lifted a black and white photo can be taken of the print for more study at the lab. Bite marks are another source of identifying a person who committed a crime. Sometimes during a sexual assault, the perpetrator will bite the victim leaving a distinct bite pattern. They should be photographed by using ABFO No. 2 Scale under normal lighting conditions. Color slide as well as black and white film should be used. The lab has special techniques for processing and comparing bite marks. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) (Saferstein, 1990) Blood and body fluids, hand writing samples, firearms, bullets, broken fingernails, hairs and fibers, shoeprints and tired tracks along with broken pieces of a car in an auto accident can be very important types of evidence to collect. Listed were only a few that might be found at a crime scene. Trace evidence is any piece of transfer such as blood, fibers, hair, paints etc. that the perpetrator came into contact with and carried from the scene on his clothing, body or shoes. For more guidelines as to what to look for at a crime scene it would be best to consult the lab for a list of potential evidence items. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) (Saferstein, 1990) These five steps can be going on at the same time as the sketches and photos are taken the gathering process can start in an orderly fashion. It does not matter how significant the crime is, whether it is a stolen car or a multiple homicide, these five steps of protocol should be followed in each case. Every crime scene has evidence or the lack of evidence to support the validity that a crime has been committed. In cases where no evidence can be found to stand up in a court of law usually means a person or persons cannot be brought to trial. Saying this does not make it so. Many protocols of evidence collection and processing are ignored more than we may know. In doing a search on the internet I found a case I well remember where there was no evidence a crime had been committed but many people ended up in prison because the judges allowed testimony of very young children, ages 3-5, to be entered in as â€Å"evidence.† It seemed harder to prove a person innocent in these cases than guilty. Evidence protocols were not followed and the convection was made by relying on the testimonies on these very young children, one of whom was the grandson of a prominent local judge. This case I chose to write about in my research paper is just one of those cases among many that convicted caregivers at daycare centers across America and several in other parts of the world during what is now referred to as â€Å"The Great Witch Hunt of the 80’s.† The report from The New York Times newspaper article written by Seth Faison on March 27, 1993, sums up the overturned conviction of Kelly Michaels: â€Å"The New York Times† â€Å"March 27, 1993† â€Å"Child-Abuse Conviction Of Woman Is Overturned By Seth Faison† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"A New Jersey appeals court yesterday overturned the conviction of Margaret Kelly Michaels, who was accused of sexually abusing 19 children at a day-care center in Maplewood, and who was sentenced to 47 years in prison after a celebrated trial in 1988.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"A three-judge panel ruled that Ms. Michaels had been denied a fair trial when she was convicted on 115 counts of sexual abuse of the 3- to 5-year-old children in her care,† said Robert Seidenstein, a spokesman for the state court system.† â€Å"The panel ruled that the prosecution of the case had relied on testimony that should have been excluded because it improperly used an experts theory, called the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, to establish guilt.† The impact of error was overwhelming, the judges wrote in their decision.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"The decision does not mean that Ms. Michaels, who is now 30 and in a state prison in Clinton, N.J., will automatically be released, said Mr. Seidenstein. Her lawyers must file an application for release, he said, and it could be blocked if prosecutors appeal the decision.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"One of Ms. Michaels lawyers, William M. Kunstler, said yesterday that he would apply for her release.† (Faison, 1993) This was a terribly unfair trial, something I likened to the witch hunts in Salem, â€Å"Mr. Kunstler told The Associated Press last night. He said he did not believe a new trial would be held because the children, some now teenagers, could not be expected to remember events so long past.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Reactions Differ Greatly† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Mr. Kunstler said Ms. Michaels broke into tears when he told her about the reversal.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Clifford J. Minor, the Essex County Prosecutor, said in a statement, We are disappointed but we have not had an opportunity to read the rather lengthy opinion and until we do, were unable to make an informed comment. He did not hold that position at the time of the trial.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Ms. Michaels was 22 when she started work as an aide at the school, the Wee Care Day Nursery, in September 1984. She was there until the following April. Prosecutors asserted that in those eight months, she engaged in bizarre sexual activities with the children, including playing in the nude and encouraging them to lick off peanut butter that she smeared on her body.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Ms. Michaels consistently denied all the charges and her lawyers argued that the children had been coached in their testimony. The trial lasted 10 months, and the families of the children often filled one side of the courtroom while Ms. Michaelss family and friends crowded the other.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"She was convicted of molesting 19 children and endangering the welfare of a 20th. The jury returned guilty verdicts on 115 counts, including 34 counts of first-degree aggravated sexual assault.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"In Ms. Michaelss appeal last February, her lawyers argument was based on a New Jersey Supreme Court decision the previous month that the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome could only be used to explain why child victims frequently delay reporting sexual abuse.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Panel Agrees† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Yesterday, the court agreed that when the children in the Michaels case were discussed, the prosecutions expert witness went beyond what is allowable under the ruling.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"The judges concluded that the witnesss testimony validated the childrens reports of sexual abuse to the jury by demonstrating an alleged scientific process of determining whether the children were actually sexually abused. The expert was permitted to lead the jury to believe that the process was rooted in science and thus was a reliable means of determining sexual abuse, the decision says.† â€Å"The court also criticized Judge William F. Harth for the way in which he allowed the children to give televised testimony from his chambers.† (Faison, 1993) The trial judge, in his zeal to make children feel at ease so that their testimony might be obtained, failed to recognize that he could be perceived as crossing the line between an impartial judge and the prosecution. (Faison, 1993) The judge, in the televised view of the jury, played ball with the children, held them on his lap and knee at times, whispered in their ear and had them do the same, and encouraged and complimented them, the decision says. The required atmosphere of the benchs impartiality was lost in this trial. (Faison, 1993) This case cost over 3 million dollars to prosecute and in the end no evidence was ever found to support the convictions of these people. The importance of crime scene collection protocol was more defined and practiced after these cases were tried in court. Hysteria caused this case to snowball down hill and not use good judgment in gathering crime scene evidence. Not once was any one of the daycare centers processed for evidence or were any part of their homes according to established protocols. (Manning, 2007) As we move forward into the future of crime scene investigation the need for Crime Scene Units are becoming more in demand. These are specially trained CSI units by an individual state that can be sent to any city within that state to assist in crime scene investigation when manpower is at a minimum. Small towns usually do not have an established CSI team so calling on a state CSU is very valuable to them. They bring their own equipment with them, process the scene and turn all evidence to the law enforcement agency they are working with at that time. The state of Illinois has had special CSU’s in operation since the mid 1990’s. If the CSU’s were adopted nationwide they would provide non-biased crime scene investigation, ease the amount of man hours required by local law enforcement and provide a needed service in assisting crime scene investigating. (Rutherford, 2010) In the state of Illinois, 4 Crime scene Field Supervisors report directly to the Assistant Bureau Chief and supervise 22 field agents. This team of CSU’s can be dispatched to any part of the state to assist or do the full crime scene investigation 24/7. These people have had over 720 hours of training throughout the state of Illinois. The hopes of this becoming nationwide is growing slowly with Jacksonville, Florida reporting they have established 3 CSU’s with 27 CSI’s available to be utilized within the state of Florida as needed aside from their daily services the city of Jacksonville and the surrounding area. (Rutherford, 2010) The importance of crime scene investigation and following the 5 main protocols of evidence gathering cannot be stressed enough. In the prosecution of criminals and in clearing those accused of crimes that are innocent, the gathering of evidence is most valuable. We do not need a repeat of the witch hunts of the 80’s. Reference Aggrawal, A. (2004). Crime scene investigation special issue. Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, online version (ISSN:0972-8074). Retrieved from geradts.com/~anil/ij/indexpapers.html Baldwin, H. (2001, May 2). Crime scene investigation network. In Crime scene resources. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from Faison, S. (1993, March 27). Child-abuse conviction of woman is overturned. The New York Times (NY). Kish, P. E. (1996, March 7). Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Journal of Forensic Identification, 46(No.2). Layton, J. (2005, December 2). How crime scene investigation works. Retrieved 16 March 2010, from Howstuffworks.com: http://science.howstuffworks.com/csi.htm Manning, L. (2007, January 14). Nightmare at the day care: the wee care case. Retrieved 22 March 2010 Rutherford, J. (2010, April 11). Jacksonville sheriffs office crime scene unit. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from State of Florida: coj.net/Departments/Sheriffs+Office/Detective+Division/Crime+Scene+Unit.htm Saferstein, R. (1990). Criminalistics, an introduction to forensic science. New York: Prentice Hall. Research Papers on Collecting Crime Scene EvidenceUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Fifth HorsemanTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Vietnam (during WW2 Ho Chi Minh rescued pilots) Anti communist...etc Assignment

Vietnam (during WW2 Ho Chi Minh rescued pilots) Anti communist...etc - Assignment Example United States of America Intelligence departments use various principles that aid them to determine what the adversaries are thinking and what is their next plan. The therefore should be able to collect all the information that the enemies have pertaining the planned attack. Intelligence services use various principles as far as intelligence activities are concerned; prioritization, which involves ensuring that the most pressing issues are sort out first and the available resources should be applied to those tasks; excellence, intelligence participants should strive to obtain the best results always; prediction, a process that involves future outcomes of the intelligence activities; agility, which is the principle that involves shifting from one activity instantaneously but still solving the past issues; Collaboration, which is a principle that involves consulting with other analysts and fusion, which is a principle of intelligence that involves the process of collecting and examining resources from all the available sources. In the recent bombing that occurred in New York on September 11, 2001 was a very open example of how some intelligence principles discussed above were not fully applied. It is believed that the attack was conducted by Islamic terrorists but more and more intelligence services are bringing forth contradicting information regarding that attack. It killed many people and this sent an alarming security weakening among the US intelligence services. The principle that was overlooked was the collaboration principle since all departments didn’t collaborate to share the intelligence information which caught them

The tutoring business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The tutoring business - Essay Example Customers can be reached through different forms of communication. Through networking, the customers can be reached by email, cell or telephone as well as social network sites such as face book and WhatsApp. These forms of communication are fast, secure and efficient. Video conferencing can also be used to conduct business. For instance, skype is a method of communication that enables two people to communicate face to face through the use of video system though they may be located in different places. The other effective method of reaching customers is the use of cell phones. Voice calls can be made or text messages can also be used to link people from different areas. This helps the tutors and the students to exchange vital information. Direct interaction between the tutors and their students can also help these two groups to link with each other. Through face to face communication, the tutors and the students can know each other better quite easily. In order to provide customer ser vice, there are different styles that can be used. The most important thing that we are going to take into consideration is to listen to all their concerns. Effective listening to the customers is a very important component of conducting business. When we listen to the customers, we will be in a position to understand their needs. The other step that we will take in order to provide quality feedback is to provide them with feedback so that they may get to know their progress in learning other languages.

Advertisment procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertisment procedure - Essay Example Division of audience into small groups because of the increasing number of media outlets is called audience fragmentation. The increasing number of television channels, internet related ad technologies, digital signage etc have opened new opportunities for the advertising people and it is difficult for them to attract a wide range of people towards their ads because of the audience fragmentation. Most of the television like medias depends on their ad revenues and in order to get a substantial revenue from ads they need to attract as much as audiences or viewers as possible. Audience fragmentation is a major threat for such television like medias. Business media consolidation is a term used to refer the phenomenon of majority of the media outlets being owned by a small number of corporations. For example, Keith Rupert Murdoch has almost monopolized world of entertainments by introducing variety of print and television medias like, New York Post, The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, American satellite TV systems, Star networks, Fox networks, etc. In order to conquer the internet, he started the social networking website like myspace.com. Such media consolidation is a big threat to the advertising world since, these corporate which controls majority of the media will try to execute their missions and visions through these media in order to safeguard their interests. The Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations aim to ensure that credit advertisements give a clear and balanced view of the nature and costs of the credit on offer. The Regulations extend to all forms of advertising, including in print (for example, newspapers, circular letters, flyers, catalogues or billboards), on television or radio, on the internet, on teletext or by way of telephone canvassing (Credit advertising).

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. Introduction This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; El ectoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We dont claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of contexts deal ing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main push factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes political and social in fluences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotles View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, states character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Units democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual constitutional liberalism very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments rem

An Athletes Secret of Success Essay -- Sports Athletes Fitness Essays

An Athletes Secret of Success Vince Lombardi says, â€Å"The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand.† A dedicated athlete puts forth their all by fully devoting themselves to their sport. They always try to give one hundred and ten percent before, during, and after practice. Athletes achieve their success knowing they worked hard to attain it and can truly say they accomplished something that makes them a better person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A committed athlete devotes a great deal of time to practice. They arrive early in order to get in a better warm-up, give more than their best effort during practice, and stay after practice to repeat what they went over. Also, they p...

How I Became Me

To begin, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is unique. The novel is written from the perspective of a teenager who lives in New York in the 1950's.From the context in the beginning and the end of the book, â€Å"I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy† (page 1), â€Å"I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and what  school  I'm supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I don't feel like it† (page 213), we can infer that Holden Caulfield, the aforementioned teenager, is in a  mental  hospital.However, he tells the story through flashback of a three-day period sometime before Christmas the year before. This is unusual because most novels cover much more time than three days. This is one reason why this novel is so unique. Although the novel is spread over only three days, we lea rn so much about the protagonist, and many other characters, because all Holden's thoughts and feelings, especially about other characters, during these three days is portrayed, nothing is left out.My favorite part of the book is probably Holden's interaction with and description of Ackley in Chapter 3. This is probably my favorite part of the book because I can relate to the protagonist in that I have to put up with my neighbor who fits the description of Ackley perfectly. Ackley is a rather nosy fellow who comes over through a window and without permission. He plays with all of Holden's possessions, and then puts them back in different locations.He cuts his nails all over Holden's room, stands in his reading light to talk to him, and he never brushes his teeth. I also enjoy not only this part, but also other descriptions of other characters, because the author has a totally unique way of describing people. â€Å"He was exactly the kind of a guy that wouldn't get out of your light when you asked him to† (page 21), â€Å"He was one of those guys that think they're being a pansy if they don't break around forty of your fingers when they shake hands with you† (page 87).Even though the novel The Catcher in the Rye is set in the fifties, I can still relate to the protagonist, as well as others around his age, because of the lingo. It makes the characters so human, and just about anyone can relate to that! I found myself looking forward to Holden meeting a new character or happening upon an old acquaintance, to see what type of personality the author had given them. Also, there is no brilliant sentence structure or sophisticated diction to this novel.The reason this novel is so good is the incredible insights the author uses, which connects the reader to the characters in a way that is inimitable. Salinger's wonderful insights are enhanced by his strategic use of italics to indicate emphasis, which tells the reader the exact meaning and tone Salinger is attempting to portray as if the reader were to hear the spoken dialogue, â€Å"In the first place, we're both practically children. And did you ever stop to think what you'd do if you didn't get a job when your money ran out?We'd starve to death. The whole thing's so fantastic, it isn't even-† (page 132). This is the type of novel that generates emotion, true, honest emotion, from the reader, because they can connect so well to the characters. A reader would truly cry, say if Phoebe, Holden's younger sister, were to die at the end; whereas in other novels that a character dies in, less of an emotional impact is made on the reader. Finally, only one huge event takes place that effects all the others, and that is Holden Caulfield flunking out of Pencey.All other events in the book are trivial. This keeps the plot simple enough so that the main focus is on the protagonist's thoughts rather than actions. However, I think this novel is so excellent and one-of-a-kind because of the personality of the protagonist. He is easily bothered by the  little  things people do, â€Å"God, how I hate it when somebody yells â€Å"Good Luck! † at me when I'm leaving somewhere. † (page 202), yet he loves to drive others crazy, â€Å"You weren't allowed to smoke in the dorm, but you could do it ate at night when everybody was asleep or out and nobody could smell the smoke. Besides, I did it to annoy Stradlater. It drove him crazy when you broke any rules. He never smoked in the dorm. It was only me. † (page 40). He doesn't seem to buy into religion, as he describes himself as an atheist. He also seems to be an existentialist as well. Every single thing he does is based upon whether he â€Å"feels like it† or not. Holden is a well-crafted character who could be a real person writing an autobiography he is so lifelike. I would definitely recommend this book to anyone.

Book Recommendations for Graduate School in Economics

Book Recommendations for Graduate School in Economics Q:Â  If I want to achieve a Ph.D. in economics what steps would you advise me to take and what books and courses would I need to study to gain the knowledge that is absolutely needed to be able to do and understand the research that is needed for a Ph.D. A:Â  Thank you for your question. Its a question that Im frequently asked, so its about time that I created a page that I could point people toward. Its really difficult to give you a general answer, because a lot of it depends on where youd like to get your Ph.D. from. Ph.D programs in economics vary widely in both quality and scope of what is taught. The approach taken by European schools tends to be different than that of Canadian and American schools. The advice in this article will mainly apply to those who are interested in entering a Ph.D. program in the United States or Canada, but much of the advice should also apply to European programs as well. There are four key subject areas that youll need to be very familiar with to succeed in a Ph.D. program in economics. 1. Microeconomics / Economic Theory Even if you plan to study a subject which is closer to Macroeconomics or Econometrics, it is important to have a good grounding in Microeconomic Theory. A lot of work in subjects such as Political Economy and Public Finance are rooted in micro foundations so youll help yourself immensely in these courses if youre already familiar with high level microeconomics. Most schools also require you to take at least two courses in microeconomics, and often these courses are the most difficult youll encounter as a graduate student. Microeconomics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum I would recommend reviewing the book Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach by Hal R. Varian. The newest edition is the sixth one, bu if you can find an older used edition costing less you may want to do that. Advanced Microeconomics Material that Would be Helpful to Know Hal Varian has a more advanced book called simply Microeconomic Analysis. Most economics students are familiar with both books and refer to this book as simply Varian and the Intermediate book as Baby Varian. A lot of the material in here is stuff you wouldnt be expected to know entering a program as its often taught for the first time in Masters and Ph.D. programs. The more you can learn before you enter the Ph.D. program, the better you will do. What Microeconomics Book Youll Use When You Get There From what I can tell, Microeconomic Theory by Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green is standard in many Ph.D. programs. Its what I used when I took Ph.D. courses in Microeconomics at both Queens University at Kingston and the University of Rochester. Its an absolutely massive book, with hundreds and hundreds of practice questions. The book is quite difficult in parts so youll want to have a good background in microeconomic theory before you tackle this one. 2. Macroeconomics Giving advice on Macroeconomics books is a lot more difficult because Macroeconomics is taught so differently from school to school. Your best bet is to see what books are used in the school that you would like to attend. The books will be completely different depending on whether your school teaches more Keynesian style Macroeconomics or Freshwater Macro which is taught at places like The Five Good Guys which includes the University of Chicago, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, University of Rochester, and University of Pennsylvania. The advice Im going to give is for students who are going to a school that teaches more of a Chicago style approach. Macroeconomics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum I would recommend reviewing the book Advanced Macroeconomics by David Romer. Although it does have the word Advanced in the title, its more suited for high level undergraduate study. It does have some Keynesian material as well. If you understand the material in this book, you should do well as a graduate student in Macroeconomics. Advanced Macroeconomics Material that would be Helpful to Know Instead of learning more Macroeconomics, it would be more helpful to learn more on dynamic optimization. See my section on Math Economics books for more detail. What Macroeconomics Book Youll Use When You Get There When I took Ph.D courses in Macroeconomics a few years ago we didnt really use any textbooks, instead we discussed journal articles. This is the case in most courses at the Ph.D. level. I was fortunate enough to have macroeconomics courses taught by Per Krusell and Jeremy Greenwood and you could spend an entire course or two just studying their work. One book that is used quite often is Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics by Nancy L. Stokey and Robert E. Lucas Jr. Although the book is almost 15 years old, its still quite useful for understanding the methodology behind many macroeconomics articles. Ive also found Numerical Methods in Economics by Kenneth L. Judd to be quite helpful when youre trying to obtain estimates from a model which does not have a closed-form solution. 3. Econometrics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum Theres quite a few good undergraduate texts on Econometrics out there. When I taught tutorials in undergraduate Econometrics last year, we used Essentials of Econometrics by Damodar N. Gujarati. Its as useful as any other undergraduate text Ive seen on Econometrics. You can usually pick up a good Econometrics text for very little money at a large second-hand book shop. A lot of undergraduate students cant seem to wait to discard their old econometrics materials. Advanced Econometrics Material that would be Helpful to Know Ive found two books rather useful: Econometrics Analysis by William H. Greene and A Course in Econometrics by Arthur S. Goldberger. As in the Microeconomics section, these books cover a lot of material which is introduced for the first time at the graduate level. The more you know going in, though, the better chance youll have of succeeding. What Econometrics Book Youll Use When You Get There Chances are youll encounter the king of all Econometrics books Estimation and Inference in Econometrics by Russell Davidson and James G. MacKinnon. This is a terrific text, because it explains why things work like they do, and does not treat the matter as a black box like many econometrics books do. The book is quite advanced, though the material can be picked up fairly quickly if you have a basic knowledge of geometry. 4. Mathematics Having a good understanding of mathematics is crucial to success in economics. Most undergraduate students, particularly those coming from North America, are often shocked by how mathematical graduate programs in economics are. The math goes beyond basic algebra and calculus, as it tends to be more proofs, such as Let (x_n) be a Cauchy sequence. Show that if (X_n) has a convergent subsequence then the sequence is itself convergent. Ive found that the most successful students in the first year of a Ph.D. program tend to be ones with mathematics backgrounds, not economics ones. That being said, theres no reason why someone with an economics background can not succeed. Mathematical Economics Material You Must Know as a Bare Minimum Youll certainly want to read a good undergraduate Mathematics for Economists type book. The best one that Ive seen happens to be called Mathematics for Economists written by Carl P. Simon and Lawrence Blume. It has a quite diverse set of topics, all of which are useful tools for economic analysis. If youre rusty on basic calculus, make sure you pick up a 1st year undergraduate calculus book. There are hundreds and hundreds of different ones available, so Id suggest looking for one in a second hand shop. You may also want to review a good higher level calculus book such as Multivariable Calculus by James Stewart. You should have at least a basic knowledge of differential equations, but you do not have to be an expert in them by any means. Reviewing the first few chapters of a book such as Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems by William E. Boyce and Richard C. DiPrima would be quite useful. You do not need to have any knowledge of partial differential equations before entering graduate school, as they are generally only used in very specialized models. If youre uncomfortable with proofs, you may want to pick up The Art and Craft of Problem Solving by Paul Zeitz. The material in the book has almost nothing to do with economics, but it will help you greatly when working on proofs. As an added bonus a lot of the problems in the book are surprisingly fun. The more knowledge you have of pure mathematics subjects such as Real Analysis and Topology, the better. I would recommend working on as much of Introduction to Analysis by Maxwell Rosenlicht as you possibly can. The book costs less than $10 US but it is worth its weight in gold. There are other analysis books that are slightly better, but you cannot beat the price. You may also want to look at the Schaums Outlines - Topology and Schaums Outlines - Real Analysis. Theyre also quite inexpensive and have hundreds of useful problems. Complex analysis, while quite an interesting subject, will be of little use to a graduate student in economics, so you need not worry about it. Advanced Mathematical Economics that would be Helpful to Know The more real analysis you know, the better you will do. You may want to see one of the more canonical texts such as The Elements of Real Analysis by Robert G. Bartle. You may also want to look at the book I recommend in the next paragraph. What Advanced Mathematical Economics Book Youll Use When You Get There At the University of Rochester we used a book called A First Course in Optimization Theory by Rangarajan K. Sundaram, though I dont know how widely this is used. If you have a good understanding of real analysis, you will have no trouble with this book, and youll do quite well in the obligatory Mathematical Economics course they have in most Ph.D. programs. You do not need to study up on more esoteric topics such as Game Theory or International Trade before you enter a Ph.D. program, although it never hurts to do so. You are not usually required to have a background in those subject areas when you take a Ph.D. course in them. I will recommend a couple of books I greatly enjoy, as they may convince you to study these subjects. If youre at all interested in Public Choice Theory or Virginia style Political Economy, first you should read my article The Logic of Collective Action. After doing so, you may want to read the book Public Choice II by Dennis C. Mueller. It is very academic in nature, but it is probably the book that has influenced me most as an economist. If the movie A Beautiful Mind didnt make you frightened of the work of John Nash you may be interested in A Course in Game Theory by Martin Osborne and Ariel Rubinstein. It is an absolutely fabulous resource and, unlike most books in economics, its well written. If I havent scared you off completely from studying economics, theres one last thing youll want to look into. Most schools require you to take one or two tests as part of your application requirements. Heres a few resources on those tests: Get familiar with the GRE General and GRE Economics Tests The Graduate Record Examination or GRE General test is one of the application requirements at most North American schools. The GRE General test covers three areas: Verbal, Analytical, and Math. Ive created a page called Test aids for the GRE and GRE Economics that has quite a few useful links on the GRE General Test. The Graduate School Guide also has some useful links on the GRE. I would suggest buying one of the books on taking the GRE. I cant really recommend any one of them as they all seem equally good. It is absolutely vital that you score at least 750 (out of 800) on the math section of the GRE in order to get into a quality Ph.D. program. The analytical section is important as well, but the verbal not as much. A great GRE score will also help you get into schools if you have only a modest academic record. There are a lot fewer online resources for the GRE Economics test. There are a couple of books that have practice questions that you may want to look at. I thought the book The Best Test Preparation for the GRE Economics was quite useful, but its gotten absolutely horrid reviews. You may want to see if you can borrow it before committing to buying it. There is also a book called Practicing to Take the GRE Economics Test but Ive never used it so Im not sure how good it is. It is important to study for the test, as it may cover some material that you did not study as an undergraduate. The test is very heavily Keynesian, so if you did your undergraduate work at a school heavily influenced by the University of Chicago such as the University of Western Ontario, there will be quite a bit of new macroeconomics youll need to learn. Conclusion Economics can be a great field in which to do your Ph.D., but you need to be properly prepared before you enter into a graduate program. I havent even discussed all the great books available in subjects such as Public Finance and Industrial Organization.

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