Risk Management In Takaful Insurance Policies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4804 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Risk management is of vital importance in Islam and TakÃÆ'„ ful provides a way to manage risks in business according to SharÃÆ'„ «ah principles. This research paper attempts to identify various types of risks involved in TakÃÆ'„ ful business that affect operational and investment functions of TakÃÆ'„ ful operators across the globe and finds the ways to manage those risks effectively. However, takÃÆ'„ ful operators often face difficulty in managing market and credit risks as SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliant nature of TakÃÆ'„ ful contract does not allow TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to deal with interest rate and financial derivatives that have been unanimously considered repugnant to SharÃÆ'„ «ah by Islamic jurists. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management In Takaful Insurance Policies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This research identifies Islamic financial instruments like cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual adjustment that aim at providing mutual gains to both parties by the way of risk sharing and can be used as an alternative to conventional derivatives. The research paper attempts to provide a framework to enhance risk management culture among TakÃÆ'„ ful operators. It also discusses the challenges that need to be encountered to enhance risk management practices among TakÃÆ'„ ful operators. Key Words: Risk management, Underwriting Risk, Operational Risk, Credit Risk, Market Risk, Liquidity Risk, TakÃÆ'„ ful, SharÃÆ'„ «ah, Financial derivatives, Interest rate. INTRODUCTION Many Muslims misunderstand the concept of fate. For some Muslims believe that the future is in the hand of Allah, where they are facing with fatalistic mentality by putting themselves in the doctrine, whether one is rich or poor, happy or sad, it is fated by Allah. It is a good dealing with luck. In fact, efforts and prayers should precede this kind of belief (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). For a long time, same misconceptions have been associated with insurance. Muslim scholars and Islamic jurists have treated insurance illegal, haram and repugnant to SharÃÆ'„ «ah without providing an alternative solution to Muslim Ummah. As a result of these prevalent misconceptions, any effort or risk management strategy to insure the assets or life has been considered against the fate and will of Allah. In Islamic financial planning, TakÃÆ'„ ful is a way to reduce the financial risk of loss due to accident and misfortunes (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). As a matter of fact, TakÃÆ'„ ful plan is an alternative to the insurance in the conventional financial planning. In TakÃÆ'„ ful plan, the participant would pay particular amount of money as contribution (known as the premium) partly to ris k fund (the participants special account) using the concept of tabbaru (donation) and partly to another party (known as TakÃÆ'„ ful company) with a mutual agreement that, the kafiil (TakÃÆ'„ ful company) is under a legal responsibility to provide for the participant a financial protection against unexpected loss, should it happen within the agreed period. The focus of this research paper is to identify various types of risks associated with TakÃÆ'„ ful business and devise criteria for managing risks and enhancing risk management culture among TakÃÆ'„ ful companies. It also discusses challenges to risk management in TakÃÆ'„ ful. RISK MANAGEMENT Risk is the chance of happening of something that will have an impact upon our objectives. It is measured in terms of likelihood and consequences (GOWA, 2002). Traditionally, concept of risk has been associated with uncertainty of events in future. Higher the u ncertainty of events, higher is the risk. In insurance, risk is the amount of loss associated with property or life. Risk to property can be a loss or damage to car, building, house, etc. Risk to life can be described as poor health, premature death, bodily injuries as a result of accident etc. (Rejda, 2006; p.23). Risk management is a process that identifies loss exposures faced by an organization and selects the most appropriate techniques for treating such exposures (Rejda, 2006; p. 63). According to New Zealand standard of Risk Management, It is the culture, processes and structures that are directed towards the effective management of potential opportunities and adverse effects. In fact, risk management is an ongoing process that encompasses all aspects of our life. RISK MANAGEMENT UNDER SHARIAH Risk traditionally means possibility of meeting danger or suffering, harm or loss (Iqtisad Al-islamy, 2003). Risk is an element of life in this world for being ignorant of the future. It is also factor of investing that one should take time to understand prior to selecting any specific investment instruments or any new adventures. Muslims are asked to work hard in order to be able to change their conditions as obvious in the verse of Holy Quran, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Verily never will Allah change the condition of a people until they change it themselves (with their own souls)ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ (Quran 3:11). However, it is true that only Allah knows ones future and fate, Muslims should strive to achieve the goodness in this world and the hereafter. Submission to Allah, of course, has a positive effect on human behavior. For it will lead to peace and contentment. Undoubtedly, one has to submit every single thing to Allah, but it supposes to be after his hands stretch out to do the best effort as he can, to change himself, so that he would be able to manage and to cope with unforeseen calamities or misfortune. Prophet Muhammad pe ace be upon him once asked a Bedouin who had left his camel untied, Why do not tie your camel? the Bedouin answered, I put my trust in Allah the prophet then said, tie up your camel first then put your trust in Allah( Sunan al -Tirmizi, vol.4, No. 2517, p. 668). This conversation depicts not only how should Muslims accept their fate but it also indicates how do Muslims reduce the risk of loss and calamities. Quran has presented stories of the previous prophets so that Muslims can take the lessons from their experiences. The story of the prophet Joseph, for instance, tells us about financial planning. The story of Prophet Yaqub, Josephs father, tells us about the management of risks as Yaqub commanded his sons to enter Egypt from different gates. Quran states, Further he said: O my sons! Enter not all by one gate: enter ye by different gates. Not that I can profit you aught against Allah (with my advice): None can command except Allah: On Him do I put my trust: and let all that t rust put their trust on Him (Quran 12:67). The history of the prophets migration to Madinah gives us other lessons on how the Prophet (SAW) managed the risk. The Prophet reduced the risk of getting killed by asking Hazrat Ali (R.A.) to sleep in his bed during the night of emigration. It was reported that as night advanced, the Quraish posted assassins around the Prophets house. Thus they kept vigil all night long, waiting to kill him the moment he left his house early in the morning, peeping now and then through a hole in the door to make sure that he was still lying in his bed. All these above examples depict that risk management is in the roots of Islam. We, as a Muslims, should put our trust onto Allah only after meticulous planning and best utilization of all the available resources. NORMS OF ETHICS Obaidullah (2002, pp.2-4) has identified norms of efficiency and ethics for SharÃÆ'„ «ah based risk management in a business contract. These norms are also applicable to TakÃÆ'„ ful contract and are briefly described as follow: Each party in TakÃÆ'„ ful contract should be free to accept the terms and conditions of the contract and no coercion is imposed on any party. TakÃÆ'„ ful contract should be free from element of riba (interest) that is prohibited by Shariah. One of the major objections on the contract of conventional insurance by SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars is element of riba in its investments for which it is considered illegal and unIslamic. There should be no uncertainty or ambiguity about the nature of contract. Excessive uncertainty is not permissible in Shariah. For example, SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars disallow conventional insurance contract where no party clearly knows how and from where the insured amount is to going to be paid in case a loss or catastrophe occurs to the insured. There should not be any element of gambling in TakÃÆ'„  ful contract. It means that TakÃÆ'„ ful contract should not be aimed at getting a huge advantage at the cost of others. Rather, participants should have sincere intention of helping each other in case of loss or catastrophe from a joint fund. Contribution amount for participants should be adequate and fair and should be determined by actuaries and approved by SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars. TakÃÆ'„ ful customers (participants) should have equal access to adequate, accurate and timely market information related to TakÃÆ'„ ful products and companys performance where they want to contribute their money. Rights of any third party should not be adversely affected by TakÃÆ'„ ful contract between two parties. It means TakÃÆ'„ ful contract should not be detrimental to any third party. There should be unrestricted public interest in TakÃÆ'„ ful products and its business contract which s hould work for the benefit of people at large. TYPES OF RISKS IN TAKÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬FUL BUSINESS Business industry is prone to a number of risks. Five types of risks in business (Basel, 2006; IAIS, 2004) have been identified that are relevant to TakÃÆ'„ ful business. First two types of risks (underwriting and operational risks) are directly related to operations of TakÃÆ'„ ful company while remaining three (credit, liquidity and market risks) are associated with the investment activities of the company. Underwriting Risk: Underwriting risk is pertinent to insurance and TakÃÆ'„ ful. It occurs due to adverse selection of applicants or due to re-TakÃÆ'„ ful risk as a result of inability of re-TakÃÆ'„ ful operator to meet the obligation towards ceded company under re-TakÃÆ'„ ful agreement (IAIS, 2003; pp.32-33). Adverse selection refers to the tendency of selecting applicants that result in higher than average chance of loss (Rejda, 2006; p. 45). The risk of adverse selection arises when applicants with higher than average chance of loss succeed in obtaining TakÃÆ'„ ful coverage at standard rates e.g. high risk drivers or persons with serious health problems. It results in higher claim ratio and put the firm on high liquidity constraints. Re-TakÃÆ'„ ful risk occurs as the ceded company remains liable for a portion of outstanding claim to the extent re-TakÃÆ'„ ful operator fails to provide financial protection to TakÃÆ'„ ful operator in accordance with agreed terms. Both adverse selection and re-TakÃÆ'„ ful risk hamper the firms underwriting capacity; disturb the cash flow pattern and hence affect the stability of the profits of the company. Operational Risk: Operational risk is not a well defined concept , yet Basel Report (2006, p.144) defines it as a loss that occurs as a result of inadequate or failed internal processes, people, technology or from external events. Internal processes failure occurs (Ahmed Khan, 2001; pp.29-30) as a result of inaccurate processing of transactions, inefficient record keeping, violating operational control limits, non-compliance of regulations etc. people risk may occur due to incompetence of employees, fraud and failure to perform the duties. Technology risk may arise as a result of telecommunication system or computer network breakdown. Risks from external events include unenforceability of regulatory policies, legislation and regulations that affect the fulfillment of contracts and transactions in the organizations. These risks are also called legal risks and are considered a part of operational risks. Credit Risk: Credit risk occurs a result of default of counterparty when it fails to meet its obligations in time and in accordance with agreed terms (IAIS, 2004; p.14). In case of insurance, credit risk m ay be treated as default risk, migration risk, spread risk or concentration risk. Default risk occurs when TakÃÆ'„ ful operator does not receive or partially receive cash flows or assets to which it is entitled because the other party fails to meet the obligations of the contract. Migration risk occurs when probability of a future default of an obligator adversely affect the contract today. Spread risk occurs due to market perception of increased risk on either macro or micro basis. Concentration risk is the result of increased exposure to losses due to concentration of investments in a particular geographical area or economic or industrial sector. TakÃÆ'„ ful industry is also exposed to these risks. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk is the risk resulting from TakÃÆ'„ ful companys inability to meet its obligations (i.e. claims payments and maturity price of policy) when they fall due. This risk occurs because the company has insufficie nt liquid assets or high level of liabilities (IAIS, 2004; p.18). Liquidity risk includes liquidation risk, affiliation investment risk and capital funding risk. Liquidation value risk is the risk under circumstance when assets are liquidated below their real (market) value. Affiliated investment risk is the risk that investment in an affiliated or member company might result in drain of financial or operating resources. Capital fund risk is the risk that insurance company will not be able to outsource funds in case of large claims. TakÃÆ'„ ful industry, just like conventional insurance company, faces similar types of liquidity risks. Market Risk: Market risk is the volatility of prices in instruments and assets of TakÃÆ'„ ful company in the market. It can be classified as equity price risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and commodity price risk (IAIS, 2004, p.12). Equity price risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes in market price of equities or other assets. Interest rate risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes in interest rates that adversely affect the cash flows of the insurance company. Currency risk is the risk of loss resulting from volatility of exchange rates that adversely affect the operations of insurance company. For a TakÃÆ'„ ful company, it does not include interest rate risk, however TakÃÆ'„ ful operators are exposed to mark up price risk as avoidance of interest based transactions is distinctive feature of SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliance. MANAGING RISKS All types of risks in TakÃÆ'„ ful require specific risk management strategy and need to be managed on individual basis. Underwriting Risk Management: Underwriting risk can be managed by establishing standard selection procedure consistent with the companys objectives. Most of the TakÃÆ'„ ful operators require physical inspection or medical reports of the applicants that have serious health problems or prone to higher than average risk. Some have introduced computerized underwriting system to standardized underwriting procedure and minimizing the chance of adverse selection. For example, TakÃÆ'„ ful Ikhlas Sdn. Bhd. of Malaysia uses computerized underwriting procedure for motor TakÃÆ'„ ful where applicants who meet standard requirements are automatically selected for TakÃÆ'„ ful. Others are rejected or alternatively are offered higher contribution rates for the extra risk. To minimize re-TakÃÆ'„ ful risk, TakÃÆ'„ ful operator can evaluate the financial strength of re-TakÃÆ'„ ful operators in the region and diversify the risk geographically by making arrangements with more than one re-TakÃÆ'„ ful operator. Operational Risk Management: Management of this risk is more complex as it arises from failure of internal processes, peo ple, information system breakdown and non-compliance with regulatory standards (Ahmed Khan, 2001; pp. 38-39). Senior management and board of directors of TakÃÆ'„ ful company should devise policies and develop strategies to manage and reduce operational risks. Sources of operational risk (i.e. people, processes and technology) should be handled carefully. This raises the importance of corporate governance culture in the organization. Given the newness of TakÃÆ'„ ful industry, computer software available for conventional insurance might not be appropriate for TakÃÆ'„ ful industry. This calls for recruiting talented professionals in the field of informational technology so that they could develop software to meet peculiar needs of TakÃÆ'„ ful industry. Independent external auditors can also play an important role in mitigating operational risk as they point out flaws in internal processes of the organization. This calls for p roper disclosure of activities and independent and secure reporting system. Credit Risk Management: Under conventional insurance system, credit exposure limits are established within companys investment policies to mitigate and manage default risk, migration risk, spread risk and concentration risk as discussed under credit risk. Usually, following credit exposure limits can be established for insurance company investment and credit activities (IAIS, 2004; pp.16-18). Internal and external rating of counterparties Limit on maturity of credit facility (prefer short term credit over long term credit) Limit on maximum investment amount or a certain percentage of investment exposure to a single issuer, industry, geographical region or some other risk classification. Prohibition of interest does not allow TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to investment in interest-based instruments (Chapra and Khan, 2000). Moreover, TakÃÆ'„ ful companies do not have access to credit derivatives that are considered effective instruments for credit risk mitigation. Yet Al-Suwailem (2006; pp.67-68) argues that futures and Option contracts result in losses for more than 70% of the time and hence such instruments are considered as factors of loss, not of gain. The non-availability of Islamic derivatives raises the importance of internal control mechanism for TakÃÆ'„ ful operators which ensures that credit risk exposures are maintained within limits of prudential standards defined by internal controls. Liquidity Risk Management: IAIS Report (2004, p.20) identifies two approaches in order to hedge liquidity risk that are also applicable to TakÃÆ'„ ful industry. These are: Cash flow modeling Liquidity ratios Cash flow modeling is done in order to assess the amount of deficit, surpluses or liquidation value risk in order to meet the needs of TakÃÆ'„ ful industry. TakÃÆ'„ ful oper ator should make sure that it has sufficient liquid assets in order to meet liquidity risk and unexpected liquidity requirements. Use of liquidity ratios will help TakÃÆ'„ ful operator to set the amount of liquid assets required to meet demands of liability portfolio, desired level of liquidity ratio will also help in determining TakÃÆ'„ ful operators investment policies. Capital funding risk could be mitigated by setting contingency plans and drawing cash from re-TakÃÆ'„ ful policies. This form of liquidity hedging could be recognized by knowing current level of liquid assets in hand to meet TakÃÆ'„ ful operators investment policies. In order to identify and evaluate liquidity risks, Ahmed and Khan (2001, p.38) emphasize the need of adequate internal control and proper disclosure of information in the organization. Towards this end, it is essential to have regular independent reports and internal audit function shoul d periodically review the liquidity risk management process. Market Risk Management: In conventional insurance, management of market risk includes devising strategies to manage interest rate risk, exchange rate, and commodity price risk as well as equity price fluctuations. TakÃÆ'„ ful operators are not involved in interest based transactions so they do not face this risk. However, KIBOR (Karachi Inter Bank Offered Rate) can be used as bench mark for markup in Islamic financial institutions in their financing activities. Conventional institutions manage the market risk using financial derivatives such as futures, forward, option or swap contracts (Chapra Khan, 2000; p.55). TakÃÆ'„ ful operators face difficulty in managing market risk as these financial derivatives are not compatible with SharÃÆ'„ «ah in the eyes of Islamic scholars. However, according to Al-Suwailem (2006; pp.118-126), cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual ad justment are acceptable instruments under SharÃÆ'„ «ah to mitigate currency risk and interest rate risk respectively. Additionally, TakÃÆ'„ ful operators could apply stress tests and Value at Risk (VaR) techniques to mitigate commodity price risk and equity risk. Stress testing is one of the risk management tools that can be employed to assess the vulnerability of portfolios to abnormal shocks and market conditions. Value at Risk is the probability of portfolio losses exceeding some specified proportion.  [1] ENHANCING RISK MANAGEMENT CULTURE Cultivation of risk management culture is extremely important to form a robust and resilient TakÃÆ'„ ful industry in Pakistan. This objective, however, could not be achieved without active participation and collaboration of regulatory authorities, senior management of TakÃÆ'„ ful companies and members of SharÃÆ'„ «ah Supervisory Board (SSB). Towards this end, regul arities authorities should make sure that stress testing and Value at Risk (VaR) reports as identified above are regularly produced and obtained from senior management of TakÃÆ'„ ful operators in addition to reports of TakÃÆ'„ ful risks. Regular review of these reports will greatly facilitate the regulatory authorities as well as TakÃÆ'„ ful operators to enhance risk management practices in TakÃÆ'„ ful industry.  [2] Moreover, effective implementation of internal control and corporate governance system could prove to be of vital importance to TakÃÆ'„ ful operator as well as to concerned regulatory authority. It will help the authorities in effective monitoring of TakÃÆ'„ ful activities and managing different types of risks hence enhancing the functioning of TakÃÆ'„ ful operators in the industry. Figure 1 shows the steps for effectively manage the risks in TakÃÆ'„à ‚ ful business. In the first step, possible risks in the way of TakÃÆ'„ ful business are identified. In the second step, strategies are developed to cope with and manage the risks effectively. In the third step, process of identification and strategy formulation and implementation related to each type of risk is examined through review reports and effective measures are taken to counter any flaw or discrepancy in the previous process. FIGURE 1: FLOW CHART OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN TAKÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬FUL Identifying Risk in TakÃÆ'„ ful: Underwriting Risk Operational Risk Credit Risk Liquidity Risk Market Risk Managing Risk: Underwriting Risk Management Operational Risk Management Credit Risk Management Liquidity Risk Management Market Risk Management Enhancing Risk Management Culture in TakÃÆ'„ ful industry: Review of TakÃÆ'„ ful risks reports Review of Stress testing and Value at Risk (VaR) reports Implementing internal control and corporate governance systems Follow-up on internal control and corporate governance CHALLENGES TO RISK MANAGEMENT In spite of effective risk management techniques discussed above, there are certain challenges in the way of risk management for TakÃÆ'„ ful. Internal Controls: Internal controls are indispensable for recognizing and assessing risks faced by financial institutions including TakÃÆ'„ ful companies. Basel Committee (2005) and IAIS (2006a) reports have focused on the importance of internal controls for banking institutions as well as for conventional insurance companies respectively. Chapra and Ahmad (2002) found that existence of effective internal control have prevented the financial institutions from systemic crisis and enabled them to have early detection of problems and associate d risks they might face in future. These experiences highlight the importance and need of internal controls for TakÃÆ'„ ful companies. Unique nature of these companies from conventional insurance demands the fulfillment of SharÃÆ'„ «ah aspects. IFSB and IAIS joint working group (2006) maintains that to have effective internal control mechanism, TakÃÆ'„ ful companies must ensure SharÃÆ'„ «ah controls in addition to all statutory regulations. It urges the need of a regular SharÃÆ'„ «ah audit as a part of an on-going internal control system. Corporate Governance: The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities of the Board, manager, shareholders and other stakeholders (OECD Report, 1999) yet effective corporate governance ensures the independence of board of directors (BOD) who in turn devise polices and implement strategies for risk management and hold the managem ent accountable to shareholders (Psaros and Seamer, 2002; p.7). Lack of an effective corporate governance framework hampers the independence of board of directors (BOD) and hence poses a challenge to risk management. It in turn increases the operational risk which might result in failure of operations due to inability of BOD to implement unbiased and independent decisions for the best interest of all stakeholders. TakÃÆ'„ ful companies are confronted with an additional challenge related to corporate governance of SharÃÆ'„ «ah Supervisory Board (SSB). Grais and Pellegrini (2006b) identify corporate governance issues that affect their role and functioning in the organizations. It calls for a greater need to incorporate corporate governance culture to overcome related issues of TakÃÆ'„ ful industry. SharÃÆ'„ «ah Based Challenges: According to Ahmed Khan (2001), most of the risk management techniques are not applicable to Islamic financial institutions due to the requirements of SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliance. It creates SharÃÆ'„ «ah based challenges to risk management for TakÃÆ'„ ful companies as well. These challenges arise as SharÃÆ'„ «ah restricts the use certain instruments that are considered useful in conventional risk management e.g. derivatives (futures, options, swaps etc.) and sale of debts. Al-Suwailem (2006, pp.89-90) argues that SharÃÆ'„ «ah constraints to human behavior do not hinder creativity, rather these constraints are the major driving force behind the creation of innovative financial instruments. He suggests several Islamic financial instruments for risk management and concludes that SharÃÆ'„ «ah is abundant with real solutions to the present problems of gambling and speculation. It provides directions to SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars and experts of Islamic finance to explore the dimensions of Sh arÃÆ'„ «ah in order to integrate risk management practices with value creation. Financial Engineering: Financial engineering aims at designing new and innovative SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliant Islamic financial instruments for IFIs including TakÃÆ'„ ful companies. Chapra and Ahmad (2002) maintain that financial engineering has emerged as the greatest challenge faced by SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars of present time as it poses major threat to IFIs to become competitive in the contemporary business environment. Process of giving fatwÃÆ'„ s by SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars regarding the permissibility of a financial instrument is quite slow and over-conservative (Iqbal et al, 1998; pp.47-48) as SharÃÆ'„ «ah scholars and experts of modern finance have different academic backgrounds. They use technical terms related to their own field that are most of the time not easily understandable to other party. The n eed is to produce scholars with SharÃÆ'„ «ah background that also have working knowledge of modern finance to meet the acute challenge of financial engineering. Islamic Financial Market: Islamic financial market provides a secondary market for trading of Islamic financial instruments. In the absence of this market, it will be extremely difficult for TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to maintain its liquidity position to make prompt claim payments when they become due. Retaining a large portion of TakÃÆ'„ ful fund to maintain high liquidity ratio will affect the efficiency of the firm and its competitiveness as compared to conventional insurance companies that have ready access to liquid bonds and t-bills. Islamic Financial Market will greatly facilitate the TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to invest large portion of their fund in Islamic financial instruments and increasing their efficiency and competitiveness while maintaining low liquidity ratio. It will also help TakÃÆ'„ ful companies in hedging market risk by providing alternative instruments to financial derivatives that are not acceptable under Shariah. Need of Private Credit Rating Agencies: Although International Islamic Rating Agency (IIRA) has been set up in Bahrain to judge the SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliance and financial strength of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) including TakÃÆ'„ ful companies, it is not be possible for IIRA to rate thousands of counterparties with whom TakÃÆ'„ ful companies deal. Consequently, it calls for the need of private credit rating agencies in each Muslim country that could provide information related to financial strengthen, fiduciary risk and credit worthiness of thousands of counterparties that privately issue financial instruments (Chapra Ahmed, 2002; pp.80-81). This information could provide great help to IIRA in rating these companies and make it readily avail able to TakÃÆ'„ ful companies and other interested parties. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Risk management is of vital importance in Islam and TakÃÆ'„ ful provides a way to manage risks in business according to SharÃÆ'„ «ah principles. Five types of risks have been identified in TakÃÆ'„ ful business that affect operational and investment functions of TakÃÆ'„ ful operator. Operational risk can be managed by enhancing corporate governance culture in the organizations. Cash flow modeling and use of liquidity ratios is quite helpful to identify liquidity constraints. TakÃÆ'„ ful operators might face difficulty in managing market and credit risks as SharÃÆ'„ «ah compliant nature of TakÃÆ'„ ful contract does not allow TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to deal with interest rate and financial derivatives due to their speculative nature by which they tend to benefit one party at the loss of other. On the other hand, Islamic financial instruments like cooperative hedging and bi-lateral mutual adjustment aim at providing mutual gains to both parties by the way of risk sharing. Risks associated to TakÃÆ'„ ful have raised several challenges that need to be encountered to enhance risk management practices. Regular SharÃÆ'„ «ah audit is found to be an integral part of effective internal controls that prevent the companies from systemic crisis. Corporate governance calls for independence of BOD to devise policies for effective risk management, make unbiased decisions and resolve issues related to functioning of SSB. SharÃÆ'„ «ah based challenges call for devising innovative Islamic financial instruments as SharÃÆ'„ «ah is abundant with real solutions to present business dilemma and does not hinder creativity. Exploring those solutions will help to meet the challenge of financial engineering. Islamic financial market will greatly facilitate the task of TakÃÆ'„ ful companies to invest large portion of their fund in Islamic financial instruments and increase their efficiency and competitiveness. There is need to establish private credit rating agencies that could assist IIRA to rate thousands of counterparties for the benefit of TakÃÆ'„ ful operators.

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Running Head: Personal Project Final Personal Project Final Student: Grace Salinas BUS4012 Leadership in Organizations May 21, 2011 Instructor: Fred Knauf Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Leadership Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Interview Findings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦3 Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Concepts and Applications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Relevance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 E xperience as an Interviewer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Appendix A: Interview with†¦show more content†¦The experiences that we have acquired thought out our lives will determine what we believe to be, and to distinguish right from wrong. Based on these beliefs we establish unique core values, and we use these values to influence how others perceive us. We are all driven by our core values; they give purpose to our lives and a reason to outperform ourselves and motivate others to do the same. Summary of Interview Findings – Ray Ortega Ray Ortega is a well know Private Investigator whose persistence has led him to solve many major crimes. In interviewing Mr. Ortega, I found out that he is very outspoken about having things done his way. If his investigators do things other than his way, he will unknowingly create friction and stress between him and his employees. It is not until he sees favorable results that he will seize giving his employees a hard time. He does not acknowledge or thank his employees for doing a good job or praises them for having the courage to go by their instincts to solve the cases. Mr. Ortega would, in my opinion, get more from his employees if he would encourage them to follow their instinct, as long as they report their every move to him. He does acknowledge that he needs to work on having confidence that his employees have his best interest at hand. Summary of Interview Findings – Thomas Thigpin Thomas Thigpin is the

Portrait of a Teacher Free Essays

Portrait of a Teacher A teacher is supposed to be the image a child gets of learning new things- mostly non-academic. The portrait the child has of the teacher determines how well they get to understand the concepts they are taught in class. The teacher should ensure that their activities and conduct are in accordance with the portrait of the teacher so as to improve how students perceive learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Portrait of a Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now One trait that the teacher is supposed to portray is that of a person who understands how to solve problems and more so how do solve them using critical thinking. This means that in a class, the students will be keen to see how the teacher solves new problems that arise. To the students this is a sign of how good their teacher is. It should be noted that problem solving and critical thinking as pertaining to this trait goes beyond the academic things. For example when a teacher is dictating letters of the alphabet in an elementary class and then a bumble bee flies in, the children will be distracted but how the teacher reacts to this distraction is a test of how well they can solve problems. In such a case, the teacher can pause what they were saying and explain something new about the bee. The same would be expected of the teacher if an animal such as a spider, which children fear, is spotted in class. The teacher would be expected to stay on top of the situation and calm the students. Critical thinking by itself is a process that demands a person to ensure that their way of thinking is devoid of any emotional bias; and this should be the case in a teacher. In all situations they should ensure that rationale and logic prevails above emotion. At times this demand to act devoid of any emotion conflicts with what a teacher may want or is good for them. For example, when a slight earthquake shook our school while I was in eighth grade, we all ran towards the teacher and clang onto her. This by itself limited her chances of escaping in case anything happened. This example is one of the reasons why I believe that at times, the demands placed on the teacher are conflicting with what is good is for them. As a teacher I will strive to ensure that I promote a democratic environment in my classes. I will do this by ensuring that I involve the students in making decisions that affect them and in which I believe that their participation in decision making will not compromise the quality of education they get. This is necessary as it would help in making the students feel responsible and for their education and hence calling for their increased participation. For example in high school our math teacher used to ask us to set the date when we wanted to take a continuous assessment test. This was different from other teachers who set the dates for us. What happened is that we all put a lot of emphasis in studying for math as we did not want to fail for an exam we had decided when it would be given to us. This is the kind of democracy that I intend to promote in my classroom as it will help improve student performance by motivating them to take charge of their lives at an early age. This is important as most students end up finishing college while they are still looking up to their tutors to make decisions for them. So when there are no tutors around, the students end up making wrong decisions as they were not well prepared for decision making in school. What a teacher portrays is useful in determining the quality of education the student gets. I intend to portray a good image and to ensure that my students see me as a symbol of critical thinking and problem solving. I also intend to promote democracy in my classroom to ensure that my students are well motivated and also learn how to take charge of their lives. How to cite Portrait of a Teacher, Essay examples

Indoor Air Pollution In Developing Countries †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Indoor Air Pollution In Developing Countries. Answer: The principle characteristics of Environmental health promotion: The generic strategy Health promotion is giving individuals power to have control over their own health. The Ottawa Charter for health promotion states that there are five ways of promoting health. It includes devising healthy public policy, building appropriate environment for promoting health, strengthening the power of the community in fostering well-being, refining personal skills of the individuals and remodelling the health services. Environmental health refers to the practice of identifying and controlling the environmental factors that have the potential of impacting the health of generations in a negative way. It focuses on the causal effects of the environment on human health. The approach of environmental health promotion is to protect human beings by limiting their exposure to the environmental hazards such as toxic substances or microbiological contamination. Germ theory of environmental health postulates the cause and effect approach (Parkes et. al., 2003). This approach had been embraced b y John Snow who was instrumental in eradicating the 19th century cholera epidemic in London. He discovered the handle in the Broad Street pump that was the source of contamination of water. Certain social factors can also increase the susceptibility of human beings of being exposed to environmental hazards. The social approach to environmental health identifies factors such as social inequalities, psychosocial processes affecting health (Schulz and Northridge, 2004). Furthermore, an important factor in promoting environmental health is healthy and safe environment and resources such as water, food and air (BROWN et. al., 1992). Health hazards originate from an alteration in the relationship between society and environment (Parker et. al., 2004). The global environmental problems have contributed to alarming health issues. Global ecological crises such as the depletion of the ozone layer, uninhibited air and water pollution and global warming have resulted in serious health problems. In most of the developing countries, individuals are dependent on coal and biomass that appear in the form of wood, crop and dung (Fullerton et. al., 2008). They usually burn these materials with insufficient combustion. As a result, women and young people in these countries are exposed to indoor air pollution on a day-to-day basis. Consequently, they are susceptible to developing chronic illnesses such as pulmonary disease and acute respiratory infections, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer (Duflo et. al., 2008). Poverty is an essential barrier that hinders people in the developing countries from using cleaner fuels (Poverty, 2001). The particles in the biomass that are hazardous to health include carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides (mainly from coal), nitrous oxides, polycyclic organic matter and formaldehyde (Pope et. al., 2010). The combustion of these materials is almost always not complete. A large amount of emissions as well as poor ventilation of the rooms make indoors extremely polluted. The impact on peoples health is also dependent on the duration of exposure to the indoor pollution. As women in developing countries engage themselves in cooking, their exposure level to the pollution is higher than men. Consequently, young children who are always with their mothers also spend many hours indoors in the exposure of toxic pollutants. People in the developing countries are usually exposed to the indoor pollution for 3-7 hours every day. Environmental health promotion initiative: An example of the strategy in action The ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group) Smoke and Health project 1998-2001 aims to alleviate indoor air pollution in the rural households in Kenya. It aims to work in collaboration with the communities in rural Kenya to find out solutions. 80% of the people in sub-Saharan Africa rely on biomass (wood, crop, dung residues) as sources of domestic energy. There have been evidences of children being affected by illnesses such as pneumonia and chronic lung disease. This particular project had been launched on May 6, 1998. The primary purpose of this project is to minimise the exposure to toxic pollutants. This project worked with 50 households in rural Kenyan communities. Kajiado and two communities in West Kenya were chosen for this project. These areas are geographically and culturally different from each other. Monitoring the kitchens of these areas showed that the level of indoor air pollution is extremely high (Ballard-Tremeer and Jawurek, 1996). This project served in p romoting environmental health by aiming to achieve several goals. First of all, one of the objectives is to better the quality of life of these people and open up new avenues for further research. The project purports to conduct a baseline assessment of pollution, exposure to pollutants, fuel expenditure and structure of the houses (Thomas and Allen, 2000). Developments and installation of interventions are another objective. The affordability of the interventions is also to be tested. Another objective is also to make the inhabitants aware of the risks associated with house smoke and the ways of alleviating them. The other objective of this project was to spread the interventions internationally and ensure the implementation of the best practice in other countries in the world. Its purpose was also to develop an imitable methodology on suitable methods to alleviate indoor air pollution. As a result of this project, there was substantial reduction in the level of carbon monoxide (Al balak et. al.,2001) . The interventions of this project have also improved the ventilation of the households and helped in the passage of natural lighting in the households. Using stoves rather than three stone fires were encouraged. By consulting the community, smoke hoods were used rather than chimney stoves. Windows and eaves spaces had been used to make ventilation possible. The use of the Upesi stove in West Kenya minimised fuel use by 40 percent in contrast with the three stone fires (Abbott, 2000). The reports from the households using these stoves are positive. They have reported that the kitchens are cleaner than before after installing these stoves. Accidents of children being in close proximity of the fires were significantly reduced (Bruce et. al., 2000).. The most important invention adopted by Kajiado was the use of windows when 50 percent of the households adopted the use of smoke hoods. In West Kenya, the community was consulted about their idea of indoor air polluti on (Naeher et. al.,1996). Additionally, they had been shown the pictures of the interventions used in Kajiado to make them more enthusiastic about the implementation of the interventions. Thus, this project promoted the health of the inhabitants by taking interventions and strategies to control the environment and better the lives (WRI, World Bank 1998). Planning, evaluation, context Participation by the community had been an essential aspect of this project. It is important for the people of the community to express their own needs and identify solutions that correspond to those needs. During this project, the opinions of indigenous population especially women have been prioritised. They were made aware of the projects criteria that made them help in the process of house selection that are most suitable for the study. Participatory Technology Development (PTD) was an integral tool that had been used in the study throughout. It refers to the operational techniques and methods that accentuate the users participation in developing and implementing technology. It allows the participants to select the technology that is best suited for their purpose. This particular approach assumes that community is the essential part in decision-making. Moreover, focus group meetings were arranged to pay heed to the wishes and requirements of the indigenous population (Naeher et. a l., 2001). These meetings were also conducted in order to enlighten the population about the risk factors associated with indoor air pollution and the usefulness of the interventions for alleviating it (Mishra et. al., 1997). Exchange visits were paid. it refers to the act of paying visits to the households in which interventions have already been installed. Structured visits were particularly paid in order to disseminate the awareness (Gitonga et. al.). Because of the geographical distance between Kajiado and West Kenya, photographs were also exchanged by the local people in order to increase awareness. Although women have been particularly helpful in this project, there were certain constraints such as the distance between Kajiado and West Kenya. The project had a multi-disciplinary team including project managers, statisticians, and scientific advisors and so on. The selection of households was done keeping in mind certain paradigms. The households with children of 0 to 5 years w ere preferred as those children and their mothers were more likely to spend maximum amount of time in the kitchen (Bruce et. al., 1998). Enumerators were appropriately trained so that they are able to collect descriptive as well as numeric data. Data gathered from monitoring to find particulates and carbon monoxide showed the quantitative data of the level of indoor air pollution (Budds et. al., 2001). Questionnaires were provided to people to estimate the factors in these peoples lives that can result in increased levels of indoor air pollution. Pre-intervention meetings were held to discuss about possible interventions, the probable causes of indoor air pollution. The project team suggested the use of enlarged size of windows, smoke hoods, eaves spaces as well as installation of better cook stoves as possible interventions. Similarly, in Post-intervention West Kenya meetings, the indigenous population were made aware about the changes after installing the interventions (Parker et. al., 2004). They were also educated about the maintenance of the interventions. For example, they were made to realise that it is important to keep the windows open for them to be effective. Time activity studies were undertaken in order to estimate the changes in peoples lifestyle and behaviour after the installation of the interventions. Ottawa Charter in action The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is the first conference on health promotion that had been held in Ottawa on 21 November 1986 (World Health Organization. 2017). It presented a charter with the purpose of achieving health by 2000 and afterwards. The basic conditions for health and well-being are peace, shelter, education, food, income, social justice and equity and so on. The Ottawa Charter mentions three strategies for promoting health. Advocate: Political, social, environmental, cultural, economic, biological factors can influence health in both positive and negative ways. Health promotion aims to make these conditions conducive of maintaining health and well-being. Enable: Health promotion ensures the equality between people so that everyone can avail equal opportunities to achieve their full potential in terms of well-being. It entails ensuring the availability of a secure environment, life skills, as well as opportunities so that they are capable of making healthy choices. It also involves making sure that there is no discrimination between men and women in terms of availability of these resources. Mediate: Health promotion needs to be ensured with the help of not only the health sector but also other governmental bodies, social and economic sectors, voluntary organisations, media and local authorities. While conducting this project, all the factors were taken into consideration so that the interventions taken are effective in making a difference. To estimate the societal, environmental factors, the participatory approach had always been maintained throughout the project. Womens participation played a major role in this project. Consequently, there was no discrimination on the part of the project team. Moreover, many governmental and non-governmental bodies were immensely supportive of the project. All the principles of the Ottawa charter had been religiously maintained while conducting this project. The interventions used in this project had many social impacts. The project has helped in alleviating poverty in these areas. This project has also contributed in empowering women by making them more confident in decision-making regarding their own kitchens. The improvements in health were significant and note-worthy. Coughs, dizziness and chest pains of the population were significantl y reduced (Ezzati, Kammen, 2001). There was improved sleep and fewer headaches. Moreover, food was no longer prone to soot contamination. There were also improvements in overall environment. The visibility was better as a result of smoke removal (Young, 1994). There was fresh air circulation resulting in refreshed breathing (Ezzati and Kammen, 2001). There was increased opportunity for both the children and the adults. The adults were able to increase their income as less time was spent for ill-health. Childrens grades were also better as a result. Financial aspects also improved (Von et. al., 2002). Kerosene was not used less than before because there was less need for lighting. On the other hand, cooking was done by using daylight instead of artificial light. Food was not rotten as the environment improved. The households became safer as the smoke hoods acted like shields. Thus, the project improved all factors that can influence the health and well-being of the indigenous popula tion. References Abbott, V. (2000). Upesi project cost benefit analysis.Internal document commissioned by ITDG Kenya, July 2000. Albalak, R., Bruce, N., McCracken, J. P., Smith, K. R., De Gallardo, T. (2001). Indoor respirable particulate matter concentrations from an open fire, improved cookstove, and LPG/open fire combination in a rural Guatemalan community.Environmental science technology,35(13), 2650-2655. Ballard-Tremeer, G., Jawurek, H. H. (1996). Comparison of five rural, wood-burning cooking devices: efficiencies and emissions.Biomass and Bioenergy,11(5), 419-430. Ballard-Tremeer, G., Mathee, A. (2000). Review of interventions to reduce the exposure of women and young children to indoor air pollution in developing countries.WHO/USAID consultation on Indoor Air Pollution and Health May, 3-4. BROWN, V. A., RITCHIE, J. E., ROTEM, A. (1992). Health promotion and environmental management: a partnership for the future.Health Promotion International,7(3), 219-230. Bruce, N., Neufeld, L., Boy, E., West, C. (1998). Indoor biofuel air pollution and respiratory health: the role of confounding factors among women in highland Guatemala.International journal of epidemiology,27(3), 454-458. Bruce, N., Perez-Padilla, R., Albalak, R. (2000). Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge.Bulletin of the world health organization,78(9), 1078-1092. Budds, J., Biran, A., Rouse, J. (2001). What's cooking?: a review of the health impacts of indoor air pollution and technical interventions for its reduction. InWELL task(Vol. 512). LSHTM. Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., Hanna, R. (2008). Cooking stoves, indoor air pollution and respiratory health in rural Orissa.Economic and Political Weekly, 71-76. Ezzati, M., Kammen, D. M. (2001). Indoor air pollution from biomass combustion and acute respiratory infections in Kenya: an exposure-response study.The Lancet,358(9282), 619-624. Ezzati, M., Kammen, D. M. (2001). Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries.Environmental health perspectives,109(5), 481. Fullerton, D. G., Bruce, N., Gordon, S. B. (2008). Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,102(9), 843-851. Gitonga, S., Nyaga, J., Owalla, H., Mathenge, M., Edward, M. L. A., Olumbo, M. P., ... Mosiany, M. Reducing indoor air pollution in rural households in Kenya. Mishra, V. K., Retherford, R. D., Smith, K. R. (1997).Effects of cooking smoke on prevalence of tuberculosis in India(No. 92). East-West Center. Naeher, L. P., Smith, K. R., Leaderer, B. P., Neufeld, L., Mage, D. T. (2001). Carbon monoxide as a tracer for assessing exposures to particulate matter in wood and gas cookstove households of highland Guatemala.Environmental science technology,35(3), 575-581. Naeher, L., Leaderer, B., Smith, K., Grajeda, R., Neufeld, L., Mage, D., Boleij, J. (1996). Indoor, outdoor and personal carbon monoxide and particulate levels in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala: characterisation of traditional, improved, and gas stoves in three test homes'.WHO/CHD, Geneva 1996. Parker, E., Baldwin, G., Israel, B., Salinas, M. (2004). Application of health promotion theories and models for environmental health. Health Education Behaviour, 31 (4), 491- 509. Parkes, M., Panelli, R., Weinstein, P. (2003). Converging paradigms for environmental health theory and practice.Environmental Health Perspectives,111(5), 669. Pope, D. P., Mishra, V., Thompson, L., Siddiqui, A. R., Rehfuess, E. A., Weber, M., Bruce, N. G. (2010). Risk of low birth weight and stillbirth associated with indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in developing countries.Epidemiologic reviews,32(1), 70-81. Poverty, A. (2001). World Development Report 2000/2001.Ravi Kanbur and Nora Lustig, Eds. Schulz, A., Northridge, M. E. (2004). Social determinants of health: implications for environmental health promotion.Health Education Behavior,31(4), 455-471. Thomas, A., Allen, T. (Eds.). (2000).Poverty and Development into the 21st Century. Oxford University. Von Schirnding, Y., Bruce, N., Smith, K., Ballard-Tremeer, G., Ezzati, M., Lvovsky, K. (2002).Addressing the Impact of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of Poor: Implications for Policy Action and Intervention Measures. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2017).The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/ [Accessed 9 Sep. 2017]. WRI, U. UNDP, World Bank (1998). 1998-99 World Resources: a guide to the global environment.World Resources Institute Oxford University Press. Young, P. (1994). A breath of fresh air for smoky houses' in Boiling Point.

The Devil and Daniel Webster Essay Example For Students

The Devil and Daniel Webster Essay The play The Devil and Daniel Webster was written by Stephen Vincent Bent in 1938. Stephen Vincent Bent was born in 1898 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. His education came from Yale University and the Sorbonne in Paris, France. The Devil and Daniel Webster has a wide array of characters, each with a distinguished personality, yet an overall temperment that would be fitting of a New England community. The main character is Jabez Stone, a wealthy New England statesman whose possition was the state senator of New Hampshire. He had started out as a farmer though, but moved up in life and, when he was about thirty years of age, married the fair woman, Mary Stone- who was in her early twenties. The fiddler, though not incredibly important, was a key character in that he provided foreshadowing. We will write a custom essay on The Devil and Daniel Webster specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When he said, But the very devils got into that fiddle of mine., he was forshadowing the coming of the devil to disturb the merriments. A very key character in this play is the devil himself, which took the name of Scratch (for that was what he was called in New England communities). He had come to steal the soul of Jabez Stone, claiming that he had a right to Jabez because of a legal contract. Last- but most certainly not least in this story- is the great Governor of New Hampshire, loved by all, Daniel Webster. Daniel Webster was not only the governor, but an excelent orator. He had a way of using words to pursued the opinion of others, sometimes by conveying feelings or emotion. The play starts out in the ornate home of Jabez and Mary Stone, right after their wedding has taken place. The Fiddler, who sat upon a Cider Barrel, played a tune on the Fiddle, and all of the guests danced to it. Basically, it was a wedding reception. At first, there was nothing more than small talk going on, but by using even this smalltalk, Bent very accurately described the lifestyles of the New England residents. As the play progressed, political favor of the day was expressed as Daniel Webster arived, associating himself with Jabez Stone. One man cried out, Vote the Whig ticket! and another, Hurray for Daniel Webster! Of course, political disfavor was also shown, as Scratch (the devil) portreyed himself as a lawyer from Boston, implying that the political party from Boston was disfavored. Later on, after some forshadowing by both Jabez and Mary, it is learned that Jabez had sold his soul to the devil. He had done this because of the dessolite land he had to farm, it was entirely baren, and had an abundance of large stones there. In return, the devil brought him prosperity- for a time. Jabez had become state senator, married a wonderful woman, and had friends in high places. But it did not last forever. A small climax- more like a turning point- occurred when Scratch had driven all the guests away from fear. He then left for a short time, preparing to come back at a later time to reclaim his prize. Daniel Webster, however, felt confidant that he could defeat Scratch in a fair trial and/or debate. As it turned out, both happened. When Scratch came back, they had a trial- a trial with a biased jury of the undead. A great oratory debate soon followed between Scratch and Daniel Webster. It was a fierce debate, though it did remain civil. Webster used his cunning intellect against Scratch, but in every case, either Scratch would refute his claim, or the judge at this trial, Judge Hawthorne of the Salem Witch Trials, would over-rule Daniel Webster- no matter how logical he had been. For instance, when Daniel Webster claimed that Mr. Stone is an American citizen, and American citizen may be forced into the service of a foreign prince., the devil replied that he was no foreigner with when t he first wrong was done to the first Indian, I was there. When the first slaver put out for the Congo, I stood on her deck. Such a trial was impossible to win, until Daniel Webster used his words to bring back memories of the undead jury- of when they had been alive and human. He appealed to them, one by one, and slowly changed the sway of the biased jury of the undead. In the end, the verdict was not guilty, and old Scratch was finally flung out the door. Overall, I thoroughly enjoyed this play by Stephen Vincent Bent, and I would recommend reading it.

Collecting Crime Scene Evidence

Collecting Crime Scene Evidence Free Online Research Papers In this report I will discuss the importance of collecting evidence at a crime scene. The evidence can make or break a case. There are specific duties assigned to each member of the CSI team who investigates a crime scene. Strict protocols are followed when securing the crime scene, collection evidence and interviewing witnesses. There are 5 main steps in processing a crime scene; interview, examine, photograph, sketch, and process. The gathering of evidence falls within the guidelines of processing the crime scene. The CSI personal has to have a keen eye to assess what is normal in the scene and what is evidence. Whenever there is a question as to what may be evidence, it is best to collect it and sort it out at the lab. Many people have a stake in what the CSI gather as evidence at a crime scene. Some evidence will clear persons involved, while others could be prosecuted by the same evidence. It is very important to take this training and job seriously. The balance of justice can be swayed so easily by the collection, processing and interpretation of evidence. Then there are cases that go to trial, get convictions with no evidence at all. Not because there was evidence and it not collected but because there was no evidence to prove a crime had been committed and the case was judged purely on made up stories with no facts to back them up. Later we find there in fact was no crime committed. Collecting Crime Scene Evidence Crime Scene Investigators are becoming more and more important to large law enforcement agencies. The purpose of crime scene investigation is to help establish what happened and who is responsible for the crime. This task was left to the local law enforcement officers who were and still are the ones to get to a crime scene first. As crime has grown in this country, the need for a special investigative team has become a necessity. The police departments in most large cities are not staffed nor equipped to do the amount of work required to thoroughly investigate a crime scene. One crime scene may take up to days or weeks to go through every inch of it to gather and tag evidence to be processed by the crime lab. Keeping this in mind, the smaller cities, towns and communities still rely on the local law enforcement agencies to carry out the task of securing the crime scene, gather evidence and question witnesses. Detectives assigned to the case in the smaller populated areas can help th e police department to do in-depth questioning of witnesses, following up on leads and other things that may need to be done in assisting the police with the crime. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) The first step when getting to the crime scene is making sure the scene has been taped off and clearly marked. Next the crime scene technician will talk to the first officer who arrived at the crime scene. At this time the tech will gather information as to how this incident occurred, about what time it happened and all other basic information. The tech may also question any witnesses, or victim. If the CSI team has 2-4 people there may be several things going on at one time such as examining the area of the crime, numbering or tagging pieces of evidence where it is for photographing, sketches may be started by the person assigned to that duty and then the process of gathering the evidence may begin after the first four steps are completed. It is important that all evidence that can be found at that time be processed by tagging, sketch, and photographing before it is actually collected into proper containers. (Baldwin, 1990) The second step is to examine the crime scene inside and out. It is important to determine how the crime occurred and document it accordingly. Number markers will be placed by each piece of evidence for photographing. This is true of all evidence at the scene. It is very important for the CSI to be able to tell what was normally placed in the house/building and what seems out of place. When there is a question as to what may be or not be evidence, it is collected anyway and the lab will process it to see if it is connected to the crime. (Baldwin, 1990) Next the photographer will proceed with the utmost of care to photograph the crime scene, being mindful where the evidence is and not disturbing it so it can be documented. Photographs may be taken from different angles to better understand what happened during the time the crime was being committed. The photographer will start with a wide spectrum of the crime scene, narrowing his shots as he processes the scene until he is focusing on the smallest of the evidence. (Baldwin, 1990) The fourth step is the rough sketching of the crime scene. The crime scene technician will note the layout of the area as well as making sure to identify exactly where the evidence was or the position of a deceased victim. A sketch may not be used in every crime scene but in most cases they are a major step in processing the crime scene. (Baldwin, 1990) The final step is to process/gather evidence from the crime scene. This involves the collection of evidence, properly tagging, and sealing the contents. Then they sign their name so it is known who collected that evidence. The processing involves making sure none of the evidence gets contaminated by other pieces of evidence. All personal involved will wear rubber gloves and sometime have to wear disposable booties over their shoes. Each piece is placed in a paper bag, for small evidence, and larger types of evidence may be placed in larger bags or boxes, clearly marked, depending on the size and material of the evidence. Liquids and blood evidence can be transported easily in non-breakable, leak proof containers. If there is arson evidence, it is usually collected in air-tight, clean metal cans much like gallon paint cans. Wet evidence can be transported in plastic or metal but should not remain in that container for more than two hours. Wet objects sealed in plastic or metal contai ners will start the growth of microorganisms that could either destroy the evidence or alter it. It is best to let the wet items dry out completely after getting to the lab and then be placed in dry paper-type containers. As the evidence is being collected more photographs may be taken as levels of evidence are gathered and may have not seen before. (Baldwin, 1990) Fingerprints are one of the most venerable pieces of evidence that can be lost if not properly secured for transport. Any prints on a body should be covered with clear adhesive tape so the lab technician can process them under laboratory conditions. All surface fingerprints, hand prints and other body prints left at the scene can be lifted for identification by dusting them with black powder and using clear adhesive tape-like material. For prints that are not easily lifted a black and white photo can be taken of the print for more study at the lab. Bite marks are another source of identifying a person who committed a crime. Sometimes during a sexual assault, the perpetrator will bite the victim leaving a distinct bite pattern. They should be photographed by using ABFO No. 2 Scale under normal lighting conditions. Color slide as well as black and white film should be used. The lab has special techniques for processing and comparing bite marks. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) (Saferstein, 1990) Blood and body fluids, hand writing samples, firearms, bullets, broken fingernails, hairs and fibers, shoeprints and tired tracks along with broken pieces of a car in an auto accident can be very important types of evidence to collect. Listed were only a few that might be found at a crime scene. Trace evidence is any piece of transfer such as blood, fibers, hair, paints etc. that the perpetrator came into contact with and carried from the scene on his clothing, body or shoes. For more guidelines as to what to look for at a crime scene it would be best to consult the lab for a list of potential evidence items. (Aggrawal, 2004) (Layton, 2005) (Saferstein, 1990) These five steps can be going on at the same time as the sketches and photos are taken the gathering process can start in an orderly fashion. It does not matter how significant the crime is, whether it is a stolen car or a multiple homicide, these five steps of protocol should be followed in each case. Every crime scene has evidence or the lack of evidence to support the validity that a crime has been committed. In cases where no evidence can be found to stand up in a court of law usually means a person or persons cannot be brought to trial. Saying this does not make it so. Many protocols of evidence collection and processing are ignored more than we may know. In doing a search on the internet I found a case I well remember where there was no evidence a crime had been committed but many people ended up in prison because the judges allowed testimony of very young children, ages 3-5, to be entered in as â€Å"evidence.† It seemed harder to prove a person innocent in these cases than guilty. Evidence protocols were not followed and the convection was made by relying on the testimonies on these very young children, one of whom was the grandson of a prominent local judge. This case I chose to write about in my research paper is just one of those cases among many that convicted caregivers at daycare centers across America and several in other parts of the world during what is now referred to as â€Å"The Great Witch Hunt of the 80’s.† The report from The New York Times newspaper article written by Seth Faison on March 27, 1993, sums up the overturned conviction of Kelly Michaels: â€Å"The New York Times† â€Å"March 27, 1993† â€Å"Child-Abuse Conviction Of Woman Is Overturned By Seth Faison† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"A New Jersey appeals court yesterday overturned the conviction of Margaret Kelly Michaels, who was accused of sexually abusing 19 children at a day-care center in Maplewood, and who was sentenced to 47 years in prison after a celebrated trial in 1988.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"A three-judge panel ruled that Ms. Michaels had been denied a fair trial when she was convicted on 115 counts of sexual abuse of the 3- to 5-year-old children in her care,† said Robert Seidenstein, a spokesman for the state court system.† â€Å"The panel ruled that the prosecution of the case had relied on testimony that should have been excluded because it improperly used an experts theory, called the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, to establish guilt.† The impact of error was overwhelming, the judges wrote in their decision.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"The decision does not mean that Ms. Michaels, who is now 30 and in a state prison in Clinton, N.J., will automatically be released, said Mr. Seidenstein. Her lawyers must file an application for release, he said, and it could be blocked if prosecutors appeal the decision.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"One of Ms. Michaels lawyers, William M. Kunstler, said yesterday that he would apply for her release.† (Faison, 1993) This was a terribly unfair trial, something I likened to the witch hunts in Salem, â€Å"Mr. Kunstler told The Associated Press last night. He said he did not believe a new trial would be held because the children, some now teenagers, could not be expected to remember events so long past.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Reactions Differ Greatly† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Mr. Kunstler said Ms. Michaels broke into tears when he told her about the reversal.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Clifford J. Minor, the Essex County Prosecutor, said in a statement, We are disappointed but we have not had an opportunity to read the rather lengthy opinion and until we do, were unable to make an informed comment. He did not hold that position at the time of the trial.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Ms. Michaels was 22 when she started work as an aide at the school, the Wee Care Day Nursery, in September 1984. She was there until the following April. Prosecutors asserted that in those eight months, she engaged in bizarre sexual activities with the children, including playing in the nude and encouraging them to lick off peanut butter that she smeared on her body.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Ms. Michaels consistently denied all the charges and her lawyers argued that the children had been coached in their testimony. The trial lasted 10 months, and the families of the children often filled one side of the courtroom while Ms. Michaelss family and friends crowded the other.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"She was convicted of molesting 19 children and endangering the welfare of a 20th. The jury returned guilty verdicts on 115 counts, including 34 counts of first-degree aggravated sexual assault.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"In Ms. Michaelss appeal last February, her lawyers argument was based on a New Jersey Supreme Court decision the previous month that the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome could only be used to explain why child victims frequently delay reporting sexual abuse.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Panel Agrees† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"Yesterday, the court agreed that when the children in the Michaels case were discussed, the prosecutions expert witness went beyond what is allowable under the ruling.† (Faison, 1993) â€Å"The judges concluded that the witnesss testimony validated the childrens reports of sexual abuse to the jury by demonstrating an alleged scientific process of determining whether the children were actually sexually abused. The expert was permitted to lead the jury to believe that the process was rooted in science and thus was a reliable means of determining sexual abuse, the decision says.† â€Å"The court also criticized Judge William F. Harth for the way in which he allowed the children to give televised testimony from his chambers.† (Faison, 1993) The trial judge, in his zeal to make children feel at ease so that their testimony might be obtained, failed to recognize that he could be perceived as crossing the line between an impartial judge and the prosecution. (Faison, 1993) The judge, in the televised view of the jury, played ball with the children, held them on his lap and knee at times, whispered in their ear and had them do the same, and encouraged and complimented them, the decision says. The required atmosphere of the benchs impartiality was lost in this trial. (Faison, 1993) This case cost over 3 million dollars to prosecute and in the end no evidence was ever found to support the convictions of these people. The importance of crime scene collection protocol was more defined and practiced after these cases were tried in court. Hysteria caused this case to snowball down hill and not use good judgment in gathering crime scene evidence. Not once was any one of the daycare centers processed for evidence or were any part of their homes according to established protocols. (Manning, 2007) As we move forward into the future of crime scene investigation the need for Crime Scene Units are becoming more in demand. These are specially trained CSI units by an individual state that can be sent to any city within that state to assist in crime scene investigation when manpower is at a minimum. Small towns usually do not have an established CSI team so calling on a state CSU is very valuable to them. They bring their own equipment with them, process the scene and turn all evidence to the law enforcement agency they are working with at that time. The state of Illinois has had special CSU’s in operation since the mid 1990’s. If the CSU’s were adopted nationwide they would provide non-biased crime scene investigation, ease the amount of man hours required by local law enforcement and provide a needed service in assisting crime scene investigating. (Rutherford, 2010) In the state of Illinois, 4 Crime scene Field Supervisors report directly to the Assistant Bureau Chief and supervise 22 field agents. This team of CSU’s can be dispatched to any part of the state to assist or do the full crime scene investigation 24/7. These people have had over 720 hours of training throughout the state of Illinois. The hopes of this becoming nationwide is growing slowly with Jacksonville, Florida reporting they have established 3 CSU’s with 27 CSI’s available to be utilized within the state of Florida as needed aside from their daily services the city of Jacksonville and the surrounding area. (Rutherford, 2010) The importance of crime scene investigation and following the 5 main protocols of evidence gathering cannot be stressed enough. In the prosecution of criminals and in clearing those accused of crimes that are innocent, the gathering of evidence is most valuable. We do not need a repeat of the witch hunts of the 80’s. Reference Aggrawal, A. (2004). Crime scene investigation special issue. Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, online version (ISSN:0972-8074). Retrieved from geradts.com/~anil/ij/indexpapers.html Baldwin, H. (2001, May 2). Crime scene investigation network. In Crime scene resources. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from Faison, S. (1993, March 27). Child-abuse conviction of woman is overturned. The New York Times (NY). Kish, P. E. (1996, March 7). Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Journal of Forensic Identification, 46(No.2). Layton, J. (2005, December 2). How crime scene investigation works. Retrieved 16 March 2010, from Howstuffworks.com: http://science.howstuffworks.com/csi.htm Manning, L. (2007, January 14). Nightmare at the day care: the wee care case. Retrieved 22 March 2010 Rutherford, J. (2010, April 11). Jacksonville sheriffs office crime scene unit. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from State of Florida: coj.net/Departments/Sheriffs+Office/Detective+Division/Crime+Scene+Unit.htm Saferstein, R. (1990). Criminalistics, an introduction to forensic science. New York: Prentice Hall. Research Papers on Collecting Crime Scene EvidenceUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Fifth HorsemanTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Vietnam (during WW2 Ho Chi Minh rescued pilots) Anti communist...etc Assignment

Vietnam (during WW2 Ho Chi Minh rescued pilots) Anti communist...etc - Assignment Example United States of America Intelligence departments use various principles that aid them to determine what the adversaries are thinking and what is their next plan. The therefore should be able to collect all the information that the enemies have pertaining the planned attack. Intelligence services use various principles as far as intelligence activities are concerned; prioritization, which involves ensuring that the most pressing issues are sort out first and the available resources should be applied to those tasks; excellence, intelligence participants should strive to obtain the best results always; prediction, a process that involves future outcomes of the intelligence activities; agility, which is the principle that involves shifting from one activity instantaneously but still solving the past issues; Collaboration, which is a principle that involves consulting with other analysts and fusion, which is a principle of intelligence that involves the process of collecting and examining resources from all the available sources. In the recent bombing that occurred in New York on September 11, 2001 was a very open example of how some intelligence principles discussed above were not fully applied. It is believed that the attack was conducted by Islamic terrorists but more and more intelligence services are bringing forth contradicting information regarding that attack. It killed many people and this sent an alarming security weakening among the US intelligence services. The principle that was overlooked was the collaboration principle since all departments didn’t collaborate to share the intelligence information which caught them

The tutoring business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The tutoring business - Essay Example Customers can be reached through different forms of communication. Through networking, the customers can be reached by email, cell or telephone as well as social network sites such as face book and WhatsApp. These forms of communication are fast, secure and efficient. Video conferencing can also be used to conduct business. For instance, skype is a method of communication that enables two people to communicate face to face through the use of video system though they may be located in different places. The other effective method of reaching customers is the use of cell phones. Voice calls can be made or text messages can also be used to link people from different areas. This helps the tutors and the students to exchange vital information. Direct interaction between the tutors and their students can also help these two groups to link with each other. Through face to face communication, the tutors and the students can know each other better quite easily. In order to provide customer ser vice, there are different styles that can be used. The most important thing that we are going to take into consideration is to listen to all their concerns. Effective listening to the customers is a very important component of conducting business. When we listen to the customers, we will be in a position to understand their needs. The other step that we will take in order to provide quality feedback is to provide them with feedback so that they may get to know their progress in learning other languages.

Advertisment procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertisment procedure - Essay Example Division of audience into small groups because of the increasing number of media outlets is called audience fragmentation. The increasing number of television channels, internet related ad technologies, digital signage etc have opened new opportunities for the advertising people and it is difficult for them to attract a wide range of people towards their ads because of the audience fragmentation. Most of the television like medias depends on their ad revenues and in order to get a substantial revenue from ads they need to attract as much as audiences or viewers as possible. Audience fragmentation is a major threat for such television like medias. Business media consolidation is a term used to refer the phenomenon of majority of the media outlets being owned by a small number of corporations. For example, Keith Rupert Murdoch has almost monopolized world of entertainments by introducing variety of print and television medias like, New York Post, The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, American satellite TV systems, Star networks, Fox networks, etc. In order to conquer the internet, he started the social networking website like myspace.com. Such media consolidation is a big threat to the advertising world since, these corporate which controls majority of the media will try to execute their missions and visions through these media in order to safeguard their interests. The Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations aim to ensure that credit advertisements give a clear and balanced view of the nature and costs of the credit on offer. The Regulations extend to all forms of advertising, including in print (for example, newspapers, circular letters, flyers, catalogues or billboards), on television or radio, on the internet, on teletext or by way of telephone canvassing (Credit advertising).

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay

Comparative Study On Compulsory Voting Politics Essay Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. Introduction This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; El ectoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We dont claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of contexts deal ing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main push factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes political and social in fluences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotles View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, states character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peoples vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Units democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual constitutional liberalism very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments rem